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In the present study, the combined effect of alumina nanoparticles into the Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend and exhaust gas recirculation on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine was investigated. The alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles with the mass fraction of 40 ppm were dispersed into the C. inophyllum biodiesel blend (20% of C. inophyllum biodiesel + 80% of diesel (CIB20)) by the ultrasonication process. Further, the exhaust gas recirculation was adopted to control the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of a diesel engine. The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine with the diesel, CIB20, 20% of C. inophyllum biodiesel + 80% of diesel + 40 ppm Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles (CIB20ANP40), CIB20 + 20% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and CIB20ANP40 + 20% EGR fuel samples at different load conditions. The results reveal that brake thermal efficiency of CIB20ANP40 fuel increased by 5.04 and 7.71% compared to the CIB20 and CIB20ANP40 + 20% EGR fuels, respectively. The addition of alumina nanoparticles to the CIB20 fuel, CO, and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were was reduced compared to the CIB20 fuel. The smoke opacity was decreased with the addition of alumina nanoparticles to the CIB20 fuel by 7.3% compared to the CIB20 fuel. The NOx emissions for the CIB20ANP40 + 20% EGR fuel was decreased by 36.84, 31.53, and 17.67% compared to the CIB20, CIB20ANP40, and CIB20 + 20% EGR fuel samples at full load condition.

Tropical forests have a mitigating effect on man-made climate change by acting as a carbon sink. For that effect to continue, tropical trees will have to acclimate to rising temperatures, but it is currently unknown whether they have this capacity. We grew seedlings of three tropical tree species over a range of temperature regimes (T Growth = 25, 30, 35 °C) and measured the temperature response of photosynthetic CO₂ uptake. All species showed signs of acclimation: the temperature-response curves shifted, such that the temperature at which photosynthesis peaked (T Opt) increased with increasing T Growth. However, although T Opt shifted, it did not reach T Growth at high temperature, and this difference between T Opt and T Growth increased with increasing T Growth, indicating that plants were operating at supraoptimal temperatures for photosynthesis when grown at high temperatures. The high-temperature CO₂ compensation point did not increase with T Growth. Hence, temperature-response curves narrowed with increasing T Growth. T Opt correlated with the ratio of the RuBP regeneration capacity over the RuBP carboxylation capacity, suggesting that at high T Growth photosynthetic electron transport rate associated with RuBP regeneration had greater control over net photosynthesis. The results show that although photosynthesis of tropical trees can acclimate to moderate warming, carbon gain decreases with more severe warming.

The field of green synthesis, namely using plant extracts for the production of metal nanoparticles, is rapidly gaining traction. Therefore, this study investigated the process of producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using a water-based extract derived from the stem bark of Calophyllum teysmannii . Notably, this is the first documented utilization of this particular plant source. The presence of a distinct Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption peak at 372 nm provided evidence for the creation of ZnO nanoparticles. The X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) investigations indicated that the nanoparticles exhibited sizes ranging from 31.5 to 59.9 nm and had spherical morphologies. Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffractometer (EDX) analysis verified the elemental composition of the ZnO nanoparticles, whereas the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed clear peaks, demonstrating their production. The FTIR examination of the C. teysmannii extract revealed peaks at around 3370 cm − 1 , indicating the presence of phenolic compounds. These chemicals are likely responsible for the reduction and stabilization of the ZnO NPs. The high-resolution X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra clearly revealed separate peaks corresponding to Zn 2p and O 1s, providing confirmation of the chemical states and bonding contexts. The Raman Spectroscopy analysis revealed a distinct peak at around 425 cm⁻¹, confirming the presence of the wurtzite structure. The harmful effects of ZnO nanoparticles on HCC2998 (a kind of human colon cancer) and Vero (a type of monkey kidney epithelial) cells were evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), and boron-Dipyrromethene (BODIPY) assays. The cancer cells underwent cell death due to oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by microscopic and flow cytometry investigations.

The present experimental investigation is conducted to examine the working characteristics of compression ignition (CI) engine using oxygenated additives such as diethyl ether and ethanol to the blends of C alophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. Experiments are conducted on a water-cooled single-cylinder constant speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine under same operating circumstances. The results indicates that an enhancement of brake thermal efficiency is up to 3.7% and 6.2% with an addition of ethanol and DEE additive in biodiesel blended fuels respectively at maximum load condition. This is attributable to the existence of higher oxygen value and volatile nature of the additives. The combustion characteristics like in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rate of DEE blended fuels are 1.1–5.2% and 0.4–2.7% higher than other blends respectively. This is mainly due to higher cetane number and high volatile nature of DEE. This also results in higher NO X emissions. But 2–9% drop in nitrous oxide emission is noticed for biodiesel with ethanol blends compared to all other blends. This is as a result of superior latent heat of vaporization and lesser cetane number of ethanol which results in lower cylinder pressure about 0.4–2.6% and this end up with more unburned HC and CO emissions. Energy and exergy studies help to analyze the result of ethanol and DEE additive along with blends of biodiesel. The exergy efficiencies of DEE blended fuels enhance up to 2.3–6% compared to other blends at all load conditions. This is attributable to the superior combustion characteristics of DEE.

Due to the high-cost and limitations of current wound healing treatments, the search for alternative approaches or drugs, particularly from medicinal plants, is of key importance. In this study, we report anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of the major calophyllolide (CP) compound isolated from Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. The results showed that CP had no effect on HaCaT cell viability over a range of concentrations. CP reduced fibrosis formation and effectively promoted wound closure in mouse model without causing body weight loss. The underlying molecular mechanisms of wound repair by CP was investigated. CP markedly reduced MPO activity, and increased M2 macrophage skewing, as shown by up-regulation of M2-related gene expression, which is beneficial to the wound healing process. CP treatment prevented a prolonged inflammatory process by down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines-IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, but up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. This study is the first to indicate a plausible role for CP in accelerating the process of wound healing through anti-inflammatory activity mechanisms, namely, by regulation of inflammatory cytokines, reduction in MPO, and switching of macrophages to an M2 phenotype. These findings may enable the utilization of CP as a potent therapeutic for cutaneous wound healing.

Bioactivity-guided separation of the methanol extract of Calophyllum scriblitifolium bark led to the isolation of five new pyranocoumarins, caloforines A–E ( 1 – 5 ) and two new coumarins, caloforines F and G ( 6 and 7 ). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and their absolute configurations were investigated by a combination of CD spectroscopy and DFT calculation. Caloforines A–F ( 1 – 6 ) showed moderate antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. Graphical abstract

This study investigates the effect of cerium oxide (CeO 2 ​) nanoparticle (NP) size on the combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) or diesel engine fueled with a base blend (BD) composed of 20% Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Ester biodiesel (CIMEBD), and 80% diesel (by volume). The CIMEBD used in this study was synthesized via a two-stage transesterification process from crude Calophyllum Inophyllum oil. The challenges related to biodiesel properties such as viscosity and oxidation stability can limit the use of biodiesel blends to less than 20% biodiesel. As a result, 20%-biodiesel, 80%-diesel is a common and widely approved blend for use in modern diesel engines without modification, as per regulatory standards, such as the ASTM D7467 standard. NPs can be used with biodiesels in order to counteract their inherent higher viscosity, and thereby allowing the application of higher biodiesel percentages. CeO 2 ​ NP of four different average sizes (20, 40, 60, and 80 nm) were dispersed in the base biodiesel blend, BD at a fixed concentration of 90 ppm. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1500 RPM under various loads. Key combustion parameters, including in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay (ID), cetane number (CN), and the coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure (COVIMEP) were analyzed. Results show that the addition of NPs improves combustion stability and performance. The fuel blend with 40 nm NPs (BD40) exhibited the most favorable characteristics, demonstrating the lowest cyclic variability (COVIMEP​ of 1.9% at 30% load, compared to 3.1% for diesel) and the shortest ID, in crank angle degrees (CAD), that is, 3.14 CAD at 30% load for base biodiesel, vs. 4.5 CAD for diesel. This was attributed to the BD40 blend having the highest measured CN (55.4). A strong inverse correlation was established between CN, ID, and COVIMEP​. The findings indicate that an optimal NP size of 40 nm exists to maximize the catalytic benefits for biodiesel combustion, with agglomeration effects potentially diminishing the performance of larger NPs, thus establishing a clear, size-dependent relationship for combustion stability.

This work presents the effect of the ternary oxygenated additive on diesel biodiesel blended fuel to evaluate the engine characteristics. The Calophyllum inophyllum trees being abundant in India can lessen the dependence on petroleum imports to a specific extent. Methyl tertiary butyl ether is used as an oxygenated additive for the ternary blends preparation as 5–20% by volume. Seven blends of neat baseline diesel, biodiesel ( Calophyllum inophyllum Methyl Ester), a blend of diesel (50%)-biodiesel (50%), a blend of diesel (50%)-biodiesel-methyl tert-butyl ether (5, 10, 15, and 20%) are prepared which are tested on a single cylinder, constant speed diesel engine. The experimental results were revealed that the replacement of biodiesel by MTBE has shown a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency with a slight increase in brake-specific fuel consumption. Further, the MTBE addition in ternary blends reduced the unburned hydrocarbon, CO, and NO x by 63.9, 6.4, and 3.37% respectively. In addition, the carbon dioxide emission is almost similar to diesel fuel at a higher addition of MTBE with diesel-biodiesel blend. In the combustion point of view, the addition of 5% MTBE resulted in 3.49 and 5.1% reduction of peak pressure and heat release rate are observed as compared to diesel fuel. Critical analysis in combustion aspects is also carried out and it is witnessed with prolonged ignition delay during MTBE addition with diesel-biodiesel blends.

The Calophyllum inophyllum species annually produces a large volume of cylindrical fruits, which accumulate on the soil because they do not have nutritional value. This study sought to enable the use of this biomass by producing activated biochar with zinc chloride as an activating agent for further application as an adsorbent in batch and fixed bed columns. Different methodologies were used to characterize the precursor and the pyrolyzed material. Morphological changes were observed with the emergence of new spaces. The carbonaceous material had a surface area of 468 m 2  g −1 , D p  = 2.7 nm, and V T  = 3.155 × 10 −1 cm 3  g −1 . Scientific and isothermal studies of the adsorption of the diuron were conducted at the natural pH of the solution and adsorbent dosage of 0.75 g L −1 . The kinetic curves showed a good fit to the Avrami fractional order model, with equilibrium reached after 150 min, regardless of the diuron concentration. The Liu heterogeneous surface model well represented the isothermal curves. By raising the temperature, adsorption was encouraged, and at 318 K, the Liu Q max was reached at 250.1 mg g −1 . Based on the Liu equilibrium constant, the nonlinear van’t Hoff equation was employed, and the Δ G ° were < 0 from 298 to 328 K; the process was exothermic nature (Δ H 0  = −46.40 kJ mol −1 ). Finally, the carbonaceous adsorbent showed good removal performance (63.45%) compared to a mixture containing different herbicides used to control weeds. The stoichiometric column capacity ( q eq ) was 13.30 and 16.61 mg g −1 for concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L −1 , respectively. The length of the mass transfer zone was 5.326 cm (100 mg L −1 ) and 4.946 cm (200 mg L −1 ). This makes employing the leftover fruits of the Calophyllum inophyllum species as biomass for creating highly porous adsorbents a very effective and promising option.

Background Calophyllum brasiliense is highlighted as an important resource of calanolides, which are dipyranocoumarins that inhibit the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 RT). Despite having great medicinal importance, enzymes involved in calanolide, biosynthesis and the pathway itself, are still largely unknown. Additionally, no genomic resources exist for this plant species. Results In this work, we first analyzed the transcriptome of C. brasiliense leaves, stem, and roots using a RNA-seq strategy, which provided a dataset for functional gene mining. According to the structures of the calanolides, putative biosynthetic pathways were proposed. Finally, candidate unigenes in the transcriptome dataset, potentially involved in umbelliferone and calanolide (angular pyranocoumarin) biosynthetic pathways, were screened using mainly homology-based BLAST and phylogenetic analyses. Conclusions The unigene dataset that was generated in this study provides an important resource for further molecular studies of C. brasiliense , especially for functional analysis of candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of linear and angular pyranocoumarins.