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Purpose Probiotics have been reported to effectively alleviate hyperuricemia and regulate the gut microbiota. The aim of this work was to study the in vivo anti-hyperuricemic properties and the mechanism of a novel strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum X7022. Methods Purine content and mRNA expression of purine assimilation related enzymes were determined by HPLC and qPCR, respectively. Hyperuricemic mice were induced by potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine. Uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and renal inflammation were examined by kits. The expression of renal UA transporters was subjected to western blotting. Kidney tissues were sectioned for histological analysis. The fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined by HPLC, and gut microbiota was investigated using the 16S rDNA metagenomic sequencing. Results L. plantarum X7022 possesses a complete purine assimilation pathway and can exhaust xanthine, guanine, and adenine by 82.1%, 33.1%, and 12.6%, respectively. The strain exhibited gastrointestinal viability as 44% at the dose of 10 9  CFU/mL in mice. After four-week administration of the strain, a significant decrease of 35.5% in the serum UA level in hyperuricemic mice was achieved. The diminished contents of fecal propionate and butyrate were dramatically boosted. The treatment also alleviated renal inflammation and restored renal damage. The above physiological changes may due to the inhibited xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, as well as the expressional regulation of UA transporters (GLUT9, URAT1 and OAT1) to the normal level. Notably, gut microbiota dysbiosis in hyperuricemic mice was improved with the inflammation and hyperuricemia related flora depressed, and SCFAs production related flora promoted. Conclusion The strain is a promising probiotic strain for ameliorating hyperuricemia.

Functional microbiome development has steadily increased; with this, the viability of microbial strains must be maintained not only after the manufacturing process but also at the time of consumption. Survival is threatened by various unavoidable factors during freeze-drying and shelf storage. Here, the aim was to optimize the manufacturing process of the functional strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IDCC 3501 after freeze-drying and storage. Explosive growth was achieved using a medium composition with two nitrogen sources and a mineral, and growth was drastically improved by neutralizing the medium pH during the culture of L. plantarum IDCC 3501. Culture optimization involved a smaller cell size, leading to less intracellular free water. Moreover, when maltodextrin (MD) powder was directly added to the harvested cells, some intracellular free water was extracted from the bacterial cells, resulting in a dramatic increase in the viability of L. plantarum IDCC 3501 after freeze-drying and subsequent storage. Furthermore, MD enhanced survival in a dose-dependent manner. Bacterial survival was correlated with lysozyme tolerance; therefore, the positive result might have been caused by the osmotic dehydration of intracellular free water, which would potentially damage the bacterial cells via ice crystallization and/or a phase transition during freeze-drying. These critical factors of L. plantarum IDCC 3501 processing provide perspectives on survival issues for manufacturing microbiome strains. Key points • Culture conditions for probiotic bacteria were optimized for high growth yield. • Osmotic dehydration improved bacterial survival after manufacturing and shelf storage. • Reduction in intracellular free water content is crucial for intact survival.

Heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L-137 (HK L-137) has been suggested to enhance the intestinal barrier in obese mice, leading to improvement of metabolic abnormalities and adipose tissue inflammation, and in healthy humans with overweight, leading to improvement of systemic inflammation. However, its detailed mechanism of action has not been clarified. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of HK L-137 on the permeability of rat small intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells, tight junction-related gene and protein expression and localization, and intracellular signaling pathways involved in barrier function. Treatment of IEC-6 cells with HK L-137 for 26 h significantly reduced the permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FD-4). HK L-137 also increased gene and protein expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), an important tight junction protein, without affecting the localization. Furthermore, inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathway in IEC-6 cells canceled the HK L-137-related reduction in permeability to FD-4. Phosphorylation of ERK in IEC-6 cells was induced 15 min after the addition of HK L-137. These results suggest that HK L-137 reduces intestinal permeability partly through activating the ERK pathway and increasing expression of the ZO-1 gene and protein. Enhancement of intestinal barrier function with HK L-137 might be effective in preventing and treating leaky gut, for which no specific therapeutic tool has been established.

Excessive intake of N‐dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) can lead to liver damage and carries a potential carcinogenic risk. This study screened a strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) AL6‐1 from traditional fermented products in Inner Mongolia. The strain not only has the ability to degrade NDMA efficiently (the degradation rate is 73.62%), but also has better tolerance than other strains, and it has strong adhesion. These functional characteristics were further verified by genome‐wide sequencing. Functional genes related to antioxidant activity, DNA repair, and metabolic regulation were also identified in the genome data, which provided a molecular basis for the protection of the strain against liver injury. Animal experiment results showed that intervention with L. plantarum AL6‐1 slowed weight gain in mice, reduced liver index, significantly improved liver tissue structure and reduced the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, and significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, malondialdehyde and NDMA levels in mouse plasma were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Additionally, this strain ameliorated liver damage by regulating the expression of hepatic metabolic enzymes Cytochrome P450 2E1, Cytochrome P450 2C37, and Cytochrome P450 1A2. Therefore, the findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of L. plantarum AL6‐1 in alleviating NDMA‐related liver damage. Genome analysis identified genes associated with NDMA metabolism and antioxidation. L. plantarum AL6‐1 alleviates NDMA‐induced liver injury in mice. L. plantarum AL6‐1 regulates liver metabolic enzymes to reduce NDMA toxicity.

Hypoxic responses have been implicated in critical pathologies, including inflammation, immunity, and tumorigenesis. Recently, efforts to identify effective natural remedies and health supplements are increasing. Previous studies have reported that the cell lysates and the cell wall-bound lipoteichoic acids of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K8 (K8) exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulative effects. However, the effect of K8 on cellular hypoxic responses remains unknown. In this study, we found that K8 lysates had a potent suppressive effect on gene expression under hypoxia. K8 lysates markedly downregulated hypoxia-induced HIF1α accumulation in the human bone marrow and lung cancer cell lines, SH-SY5Y and H460. Consequently, the transcription of known HIF1α target genes, such as p21 , GLUT1 , and ALDOC , was notably suppressed in the K8 lysate supplement and purified lipoteichoic acids of K8, upon hypoxic induction. Intriguingly, K8 lysates decreased the expression of PHD2 and VHL proteins, which are responsible for HIF1α destabilization under normoxic conditions, suggesting that K8 may regulate HIF1α stability in a non-canonical pathway. Overall, our results suggest that K8 lysates desensitize the cells to hypoxic stresses and suppress HIF1α-mediated hypoxic gene activation.

The prevalence of obesity in dogs is increasing worldwide. This study evaluated the effects of a mixed probiotic formula on the weight, body condition score (BCS), blood metabolite profiles, and gut microbiota of overweight and obese dogs over a 12-week supplementation period to determine the anti-obesity effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CBT LP3 and Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3. This was a community-based, randomized study that sampled 41 overweight and obese dogs with a veterinarian-determined BCS of 6 or more. The physical activity of all the subjects was measured using a pedometer designed exclusively for dogs. The food intake was measured using the developed application. Only the treatment group received the mixed probiotic formula twice daily (3 g per dose). A significant decrease in body weight ( p  < 0.0001), BCS ( p  < 0.0001), serum TG ( p  < 0.0001), serum TC ( p  = 0.0400), and serum leptin ( p  = 0.0252), and a significantly increased serum adiponectin levels ( p  = 0.0007) were observed in the treatment group compared with the values in the control group. Microbiota analysis showed that Lactiplantibacillus increased and Erysipelatoclostridium , Staphylococcus , and Gemella decreased more significantly in the treatment group than in the control group. These results suggested that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CBT LP3 and Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3 may be effective in alleviating obesity in dogs.

Skin wounds may threaten quality of life and cause serious complications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lyophilized exopolysaccharide (L-EPS) obtained from the probiotic strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GD2 on various stages of wound healing. The results revealed that L-EPS accelerated in vitro wound healing and increased COL1A1 in L929 cells. L-EPS affected the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway by increasing the expression of the TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 genes. L-EPS also exerted anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS in TNF-α-induced fibroblasts. Additionally, L-EPS demonstrated fibroproliferative effect on both healthy and TNF-α-induced fibroblasts. Furthermore, L-EPS was found to have a proangiogenic effect in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. This study presents the first-ever characterization of the multifaceted effects of L-EPS derived from the probiotic strain L. plantarum GD2 on wound healing. Our findings highlight the potential of L-EPS as effective agent for wound healing and suggest possible application in the development of wound healing biomaterials. By elucidating the mechanism of action of L-EPS in wound healing, this research may provide new perspectives for advanced treatment strategies in the field of wound care.

There are limited studies on the improvement of leaky gut with minor inflammation associated with various diseases. To explore the therapeutic potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22 A-3 , a member of the Lactobacillus species, in addressing a leaky gut. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22 A-3 was administered to a leaky gut mice model with low dextran sulfate sodium concentrations. The Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22 A-3 -treated group exhibited amelioration of increased intestinal permeability, as indicated by lower blood fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran levels compared with that of the control group. Furthermore, the messenger RNA expression of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was upregulated in the small intestine of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22 A-3 -treated mice. Moreover, forkhead box P3 was upregulated in the small intestine and colon following Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22 A-3 administration. Flow cytometry showed that forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells tended to increase in the small intestine and colon; however, this was not significant. Messenger RNA levels for the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha showed no significant changes in the small intestine; however, their expressions significantly decreased in the colon. Blood fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran levels showed that intestinal permeability also decreased in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22 A-3 -dead bacteria. The bacterial component of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22 A-3 ameliorates increased intestinal permeability through its anti-inflammatory effect in the intestinal tract and may be a novel treatment for leaky gut.

In this study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HAN99, isolated from sediment samples collected along the Alexandria Mediterranean Seacoast in Egypt, was evaluated for its ability to produce polysaccharides. To optimize polysaccharide production, statistical techniques were used, and the extracted polysaccharides were purified for further characterization. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified glucose and galactose as the primary components of the polysaccharide. These polysaccharides were then loaded onto chitosan-based nanoparticles, which were characterized using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study further investigated the potential agricultural applications of the polysaccharide-loaded nanoparticles by assessing their effects on plant growth. The results revealed that the nanoparticles enhanced the growth of Mentha (mint) leaves, reducing leaf loss compared to the control group. Additionally, the EPS chitosan-based nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by a DPPH assay (∼75.6–80.3%). These findings highlight the potential of microbial polysaccharides as sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives for agricultural enhancement and the development of green agricultural practices.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a typical ecological species against pathogens, used due to its bacteriocin yield in fermented foods, was proven to have the capacity to lower cholesterol. In this study, using L. plantarum ATCC8014 as the control, L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04 were probed with whole-genome sequencing to ascertain their potential ability to lower cholesterol and yield bacteriocins, as well as to further evaluate their survival capacity in vitro. Our results showed 386 transport-system genes in both L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04. Correspondingly, the in vitro results showed that L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04 could remove cholesterol at 49.23% and 41.97%, respectively, which is 1.89 and 1.61 times that of L. plantarum ATCC8014. The survival rates of L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04 in 1% H2O2, pH 3.0, and 0.3% bile salt were higher than those of L. plantarum ATCC8014. Our results exhibited a complete gene cluster for bacteriocin production encoded by L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04, including plnJKR, plnPQAB, plnEFI, plnSUVWY, and plnJK; and plnMN, plnPQA and plnEFI, respectively, compared with only plnEF in L. plantarum ATCC8014. The present study suggests that the combination of genomic analysis with in vitro evaluations might be useful for exploring the potential functions of probiotics.