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El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar, desde una perspectiva secuencial, la interacción sociocognitiva durante la resolución colaborativa de problemas lógicos, en díadas de estudiantes de quinto y sexto grado de educación primaria, con composiciones sociocognitivas asimétricas y simétricas. Se trató de un estudio cuasi-experimental de casos, de dos fases: la primera consistió en la resolución individual de ítems lógicos, para evaluar el nivel de competencia específica inicial de cada sujeto. Con base en dicho criterio, se conformaron díadas asimétricas (un compañero de alta competencia con un par de baja competencia) y simétricas (ambos compañeros de baja competencia), que resolvieron la tarea de manera colaborativa. La interacción sociocognitiva fue codificada por un sistema de categorías adaptado. Se realizó un análisis secuencial de la interacción, es decir, de probabilidades de transición entre códigos (eventos); esto se dio al interior de cada condición (asimétrica y simétrica), para detectar patrones secuenciales diferenciales. Los resultados indican patrones de interacción diferentes según la composición de la díada: en las díadas asimétricas, la posibilidad de establecer secuencias de co-construcción de conocimiento depende principalmente de la intervención inicial emitida por el sujeto más competente; en cambio, en las díadas simétricas se constataron niveles altos de alternancia de la participación por ambos compañeros durante la secuencia de interacción. Se ratifica la hipótesis de la influencia de la composición sociocognitiva de la díada sobre la interacción, pero con aporte de considerar a ésta desde una perspectiva secuencial y diacrónica. Palabras clave: Interacción Sociocognitva, Desarrollo Cognitivo, Aprendizaje Colaborativo, Colaboración entre Pares, Resolución de Problemas, Análisis Secuencial. This study aims at analyzing the socio-cognitive interaction during the collaborative resolution of logical problems, from a sequential perspective. It is focused on dyads of fifth and sixth graders, with asymmetric and symmetric socio-cognitive compositions. The design was a quasi-experimentat case study with two phases: the first was an individual resolution of logical items to evaluate the initial specific competence tevet of each subject. Then, it was made up asymmetrical dyads (a high-competence partner with a pair of tow competence) and symmetrical (both tow-competence partners), which solved the task cottaborativety. The socio-cognitive interaction was codified by a system of adapted categories. A sequentiat anatysis of the interaction was performed (anatysis of probabitities of transition between codes or events). This was done in retation to each condition (asymmetric and symmetric), to detect differentiat sequentiat patterns. The resutts indicate different interaction patterns depending on the composition of the dyad: asymmetric dyads showed that the possibitity of estabtishing co-construction knowtedge sequences depends mainty on the initiat intervention issued by the most competent subject; symmetric dyads showed high tevets of atternation referred to participation issued by both partners during the interaction sequence. The hypothesis that the influence of the socio-cognitive composition of the dyad on the interaction is ratified, but it is considered from a sequentiat diachronic perspective. Keywords: Socio-cognitive Interaction, Cognitive Devetopment, Cottaborative Learning, Peer Cottaboration, Probtem Sotving, Sequentiat Anatysis.

O artigo tem como objetivo desenvolver os fundamentos sociocognitivos de uma teoria do saber profissional que assenta na seguinte hipótese: o saber profissional tem uma forma dual de conhecer que permite a coexistência de saberes pouco conscientes do fazer e do pensar com principios e conhecimentos abstratos e formais em contextos de ação e em situaçōes práticas, sem nunca os fundir ou separar totalmente. Esta forma dual de usar conhecimento distingue-o de outros usos sociais do conhecimento e do próprio conceito geral de conhecimento profissional. Para este efeito, o artigo procura desenvolver uma proposta teórica de diálogo interdisciplinar entre algumas correntes da psicologia cognitiva e algumas teorias sociais mais consagradas sobre a dualidade na estruturaçāo da vida social. The article aims to develop the foundations of a sociocognitive theory that is based on the following hypothesis: professional knowledge has a dual form of knowing which allows the coexistence of tacit knowledge of doing and thinking with principles and abstract and formal knowledge in action contexts and practical situations, without merging or separating them completely. This dual way of using knowledge distinguishes it from other social uses of knowledge and from the general concept of professional knowledge. For this purpose, the article seeks to present a theoretical proposal for interdisciplinary dialogue among some branches of cognitive psychology and some of the most renowned social theories on the duality in the structuration of social life.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un modelo explicativo acerca del desarrollo vocacional y la construcción del proyecto profesional y vital de los deportistas de alto nivel. A partir de una revisión teórica, se integran diferentes factores y competencias en un modelo sistémico y holístico, que tiene en cuenta los distintos roles que asume el deportista de alto nivel a lo largo de su trayectoria vital y con el que se pretende orientar y facilitar los procesos de desarrollo integral, tanto en el plano deportivo, como en el plano personal y profesional. Para contrastar la relevancia del modelo teórico y la validez de los diferentes constructos que se contemplan en relación al desarrollo vocacional, se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario con una muestra de 189 deportistas de alto nivel reconocidos por el Consejo Superior de Deportes, perteneciente al Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte del Gobierno de España. Los resultados confirmaron que los procesos de definición y construcción vocacional del deportista de alto nivel tienen una naturaleza multifactorial. En concreto, las variables personales y contextuales tienen una fuerte incidencia en la identidad vocacional del deportista. Asimismo, la participación en experiencias deportivas y académicas, contribuyen a la adquisición de determinadas competencias, habilidades y conocimientos que son de especial interés para la vida en sociedad y para el desarrollo profesional. No obstante, el deportista de alto nivel se encuentra ante serias dificultades para mantener una relación efectiva entre estudios y deporte.Abstract. The objective of this article is to present an explanatory model on vocational development and the construction of professional and vital paths in high level athletes. Based on a theoretical review, different factors and competences are integrated into a systemic and holistic model, which takes into account the different roles that high level athletes assume throughout his or her life history. These roles are then used to guide and ease athletes’ processes of integral development in the areas of sport, personal life, and profession. To contrast the relevance of the theoretical model and the validity of the different constructs contemplated in the vocational development, a descriptive study was carried out applying a questionnaire to a sample of 189 high level athletes recognized by the Superior Council of Sports, an organ integrated into the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport of Spain. The results confirm that vocational definition and construction processes of high level athletes have a multifactorial nature. Specifically, personal and contextual variables have a strong impact on athletes’ vocational identity. Likewise, participation in sports and academic experiences contributes to the acquisition of specific competences, skills, and knowledge that are of special interest for social life and for professional development. However, high level athletes are facing serious difficulties in maintaining an effective relationship between studies and sport.

The simple view of reading is commonly presented to educators in professional development about the science of reading. The simple view is a useful tool for conveying the undeniable importance—in fact, the necessity—of both decoding and linguistic comprehension for reading. Research in the 35 years since the theory was proposed has revealed additional understandings about reading. In this article, we synthesize research documenting three of these advances: (1) Reading difficulties have a number of causes, not all of which fall under decoding and/or listening comprehension as posited in the simple view; (2) rather than influencing reading solely independently, as conceived in the simple view, decoding and listening comprehension (or in terms more commonly used in reference to the simple view today, word recognition and language comprehension) overlap in important ways; and (3) there are many contributors to reading not named in the simple view, such as active, self-regulatory processes, that play a substantial role in reading. We point to research showing that instruction aligned with these advances can improve students’ reading. We present a theory, which we call the active view of reading, that is an expansion of the simple view and can be used to convey these important advances to current and future educators. We discuss the need to lift up updated theories and models to guide practitioners’ work in supporting students’ reading development in classrooms and interventions.

Science has greatly enhanced what we know about reading and writing. Drawing on this knowledge, researchers have proffered recommendations for how to teach these two literacy skills. Although such recommendations are aimed at closing the gap between research and practice, they often fail to take into account the reciprocal relation that exists between reading and writing. Writing and writing instruction improve students’ reading and vice versa. Theory and evidence that support this reciprocal relation are presented, and implications for the scientific study of reading and writing, policy, and practice are offered, including the proposal that the sciences of reading and writing need to be better integrated.

En este trabajo se analiza la solución de problemas en estudiantes de psicología, en aspectos cognitivos y sociocognitivos. El objetivo es analizar el método de formación de dichos estudiantes en procesos de solución de problemas, el cual se realiza mediante el desarrollo de tres tareas cognitivas: pensamiento productivo (creativo), estrategias heurísticas en juego y entretenimientos matemáticos, y situación estructurante en conflictos sociocognitivos. Las bases teóricas son la psicología histórico-cultural, la ciencia cognitiva computacional y la psicología social cognitiva. El trabajo comprende tres etapas: pretest, sesiones de intervención (situación experimental) y postest. En el pretest - postest se evalúan los estados inicial y final. En las sesiones de intervención se aplican, a saber: el método de la mediación instrumental (instrumentos materiales, semióticos y otros sujetos); el procedimiento heurístico “análisis-medios-fines”; las conceptualizaciones sobre conflicto estructurante o creativo de una actividad cognitiva, y la zona de desarrollo próximo. Los resultados de la investigación se presentan en las llamadas Tablas de Contingencia, en donde se observan la actividad, el desarrollo y el avance de los estudiantes en las tareas cognitivas.

In this quasi-experimental study, the authors examined the effects of an intervention designed to teach upper secondary school students to take source information, such as author expertise, into consideration when selecting, processing, and using textual resources to complete particular multiple-document literacy tasks. The intervention centered on a contrasting cases approach framed by authentic curriculum-based classroom activities and was implemented over six weeks by teachers who had participated in professional development seminars. The findings demonstrated that students who had participated in the sourcing intervention placed more value on source information when selecting texts, invested more time and effort in processing the texts they selected, and more frequently attributed textual ideas to their respective sources compared with students who had participated in typical classroom activities instead. These effects were observed on far transfer tasks in which students worked with multiple documents on different topics in different situational contexts for different purposes, and were sustained over a period of 5.5 weeks. The discussion highlights the uniqueness of the current intervention work and centers on the aspects of the sourcing intervention that likely promoted these broad, sustainable, and transferable sourcing skills in students. Attention is also directed to several possible lines of future research in this area.

Teacher preparation institutions have been critiqued for insufficient emphasis on the science of reading. The authors argue that although improving early reading success and teacher preparation are both critical issues, today’s “science of reading” discourse does not fully capture the complexity of teaching students to read. First, the authors describe the lattice model of reading development, which holds that a collection of text-based, linguistic, and regulatory processes require interleaved, individualized focus in reading instruction; this is a tall order for early/elementary teachers to deliver. Second, the authors discuss evidence from the broader science of learning that preservice elementary-grade teachers likely need multiple, highly focused, classroom-based opportunities for deliberate practice and feedback to be ready to teach reading. Yet, because most are trained as content generalists over just two or three years, such systematic practice in reading may not be available. Thus, it is not simply that new teachers are unaware of effective reading instructional techniques; the more fundamental issue is that these techniques are extremely complex to implement well and that teacher candidates likely need substantial scaffolding to use them. Finally, the authors explore one promising solution: embedding preservice training with focused, targeted interventions around reading instruction that have supported experienced teachers. As examples, the Assessment-to Instruction and Story Talk programs offer teachers precise, practical guidance, bridging the research on reading and real-world classroom practice. The authors conclude with design principles that help infuse “science of learning” principles into preservice reading education.

In this study, the authors examined the impact of a vocabulary intervention designed to support vocabulary depth, or the building of semantic networks, in preschool children (n = 30). The authors further investigated the effect of specific instructional strategies on growth in vocabulary depth. The intervention employed shared book reading and guided play methods to teach words in conceptually linked categories, such as taxonomic and thematic groups. Using a within-subjects design, analyses indicated that the intervention had significant positive effects on children’s depth of vocabulary knowledge. Children showed significantly greater growth in vocabulary depth for words taught in taxonomies as compared with words taught in themes. Three types of semantic information were learned more deeply for taxonomy words as compared with theme words: information about category membership, perceptual features, and object function. Results suggest that fostering deep vocabulary knowledge involves not only teaching single word entities but also introducing systems of conceptually related words to build semantic networks.

Motivation for reading is important to comprehension and has been studied extensively in offline reading contexts. However, little is known about the role of motivation in online reading, a new and increasingly important context for reading, largely because of a lack of valid and reliable instruments to estimate a student’s motivation for online reading. The authors report on the development of the Motivations for Online Reading Questionnaire (MORQ) among 1,798 seventh-grade students in two states. Results from confirmatory factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution for the MORQ: curiosity/ value, self-efficacy, and self-improvement beliefs. Additionally, measurement invariance across female and male students was established. Predictive validity of the MORQ was supported by the positive and significant contribution of the MORQ to the Online Research and Comprehension Assessment, an established measure of online reading comprehension. Results help establish the MORQ as a well-validated instrument for measuring online reading motivation. Results are discussed in relation to theory, research, and practice.