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Todos los seres humanos experimentan angustia en grados variables de intensidad a lo largo de la vida. La angustia básica es inherente a la condición humana y por lo tanto, no es adquirida. Sin embargo, las técnicas desarrolladas para enfrentar o disminuir 1a angustia son adquiridas. La angustia básica se puede intensificar en respuesta a amenazas reales o imagnarias, a la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas. También puede aumentar cuando la persona se ve enfrentada a lo desconocido, lo nuevo, lo diferente, lo extraño o estar confrontada a una pérdida o crisis, asi como también ante el cambio y la libertad u oportunidad para escoger.

Anxiety and anxiety disorders are more common in children than adults, with an estimated prevalence of 9-21%, indicating a critical mental health issue in childhood. Without early culturally competent and transdiagnostic treatment, anxiety and anxiety disorders can lead to severe negative consequences in all life domains and extend to adulthood, causing impairment and increasing the cost for the individual and society. In Mexico, the prevalence of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents is still ambiguous. Gender and age differences have yet to be addressed, and most childhood cases of anxiety remain undetected and are left untreated. This cross-sectional research examined gender and age differences in anxiety and specific phobia (SP), social anxiety (SA), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in a sample of 889 Mexican children and adolescents selected randomly. Several statistical analyses were conducted: descriptive, correlation, and gender and age differences. The main results revealed an interaction effect (gender x age group) for SP, SAD, and OCD. The findings obtained will help design culturally competent and gender and age-specific intervention strategies for addressing anxiety and its various disorders in Mexican children and adolescents, thus contributing to them having healthier developmental trajectories.  La ansiedad y los trastornos de ansiedad son más comunes en la niñez que en la adultez, con una prevalencia del 9-21%. Sin un tratamiento temprano, oportuno, culturalmente competente y transdiagnóstico, repercuten negativamente en todos los ámbitos de la vida extendiéndose hasta la edad adulta, causando deterioro e incapacidad y aumentando el costo para el individuo y la sociedad. En México, la prevalencia de ansiedad y sus diversos trastornos en la niñez es desconocida, las diferencias por género y edad todavía no se han abordado y la mayoría de los casos no se detectan ni se tratan. Esta investigación transversal examinó las diferencias por género y edad en ansiedad, fobia específica (FE), ansiedad social (AS), trastorno obsesivo compulsivo (TOC) y trastorno de ansiedad social (TAS) en una muestra de 889 menores mexicanos seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, de correlación, de diferencias y de varianza. Los principales resultados revelaron un efecto de interacción (género x grupo de edad) para FE, TAS y TOC. Los hallazgos obtenidos contribuirán a elaborar estrategias de intervención culturalmente competentes y específicas por género y edad para abordar la ansiedad y sus diversos trastornos en menores mexicanos, favoreciendo el que tengan un desarrollo socioemocional más saludable.

Nadie discute hoy en día que, a parte de los factores sociales y contextuales, las diferencias afectivas e individuales inciden en el proceso de aprendizaje de una segunda lengua (L2). Estas diferencias, no menos importantes que las cognitivas, se han examinado en numerosos trabajos con la intención de determinar los factores que influyen en el comportamiento verbal y en el aprendizaje de la L2. La mayor parte de los autores que han relacionado diferentes aspectos de la personalidad con el aprendizaje de una lengua, no dudan en atribuir una importancia notable a las variables afectivas. Con la intención de atender a las limitaciones anteriormente presentadas, este estudio pretende, desde un enfoque cualitativo, delimitar algunos de los rasgos afectivos que influyen en el comportamiento verbal de los estudiantes. Igualmente, examinaremos y someteremos a tratamiento estadístico el efecto de los factores afectivos en el aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera. Descriptores: • ansiedad • Aprendizaje • extroversión • independencia • inglés

The outbreak of COVID-19 and the lack of vaccine made extraordinary actions such as social distancing necessary. While some individuals experience the restrictions on daily life as a heavy burden, others adapt to the situation and try to make the best of it. The present longitudinal study investigated the extent and predictors of the burden induced by the outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany. Data were assessed in October 2019 using the DASS-21 and the PMH-Scale, and in March 2020 adding a six-item measure of burden and a 2-item rating of sense of control. In a sample of 436 participants, about 28% stayed in self-quarantine, 22 persons had relevant symptoms and one person was positively tested for COVID-19. Most participants experienced medium to high levels of burden but tried to make the best of it. Stress symptoms in 2019 predicted a higher level of burden and PMH predicted a lower level of burden in March 2020. Remarkably, depression and anxiety symptoms did not significantly predict burden. The protective effect of PMH and the negative impact of stress symptoms were mediated by perceived sense of control. The results emphasize the protective effect of PMH in extraordinary situations such as the current outbreak of COVID-19. El brote COVID-19 y la falta de vacuna hicieron necesarias acciones extraordinarias como la distancia social. Algunas personas experimentan las restricciones en la vida diaria como sobrecarga emocional y otras se adaptan a la situación, tratando de sacar lo mejor de ella. Se investigó el alcance y predictores de sobrecarga emocional inducida por el COVID-19 en Alemania. Se evaluaron niveles de estrés y salud mental positiva en octubre de 2019 con DASS-21 y Escala-PMH, y en marzo de 2020, agregando medidas de sobrecarga emocional y percepción de control. En una muestra de 436 participantes, el 28% permaneció en cuarentena, 22 personas tuvieron síntomas relevantes y una dio positivo en COVID-19. La mayoría experimentaron niveles de sobrecarga emocional medio-alto, aunque trataron de sobrellevar la situación lo mejor posible. Los síntomas de estrés en octubre 2019 predijeron un nivel de sobrecarga más elevado en marzo 2020 y, contrariamente, los niveles de salud mental positiva en octubre 2019 predijeron un menor nivel de sobrecarga emocional en marzo 2020. Sorprendentemente, los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad no predijeron la sensación de sobrecarga posterior. El efecto protector de la salud mental positiva y el impacto negativo de los síntomas de estrés fueron mediados por la percepción de control. Se resalta el efecto protector de la salud mental positiva en situaciones extraordinarias como el brote COVID-19.

Background: Studies have shown that working in frontline healthcare roles during epidemics and pandemics was associated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify demographic, work-related and other predictors for clinically significant PTSD, depression, and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in UK frontline health and social care workers (HSCWs), and to compare rates of distress across different groups of HCSWs working in different roles and settings. Methods: A convenience sample (n = 1194) of frontline UK HCSWs completed an online survey during the first wave of the pandemic (27 May - 23 July 2020). Participants worked in UK hospitals, nursing or care homes and other community settings. PTSD was assessed using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ); Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9); Anxiety was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Results: Nearly 58% of respondents met the threshold for a clinically significant disorder (PTSD = 22%; anxiety = 47%; depression = 47%), and symptom levels were high across occupational groups and settings. Logistic regression analyses found that participants who were concerned about infecting others, who could not talk with their managers if there were not coping, who reported feeling stigmatized and who had not had reliable access to personal protective equipment (PPE) were more likely to meet criteria for a clinically significant mental disorder. Being redeployed during the pandemic, and having had COVID were associated with higher odds for PTSD. Higher household income was associated with reduced odds for a mental disorder. Conclusions: This study identified predictors of clinically significant distress during COVID-19 and highlights the need for reliable access to PPE and further investigation of barriers to communication between managers and staff. During the first UK COVID-19 wave, 22% met criteria for PTSD, 47% met criteria for anxiety, and 47% met criteria for depression. Being concerned about infecting others, not being able to tell managers about not coping, feeling stigmatized, and not having reliable access to personal protective equipment raised odds for distress.

El síndrome del impostor es un estado psicológico en el que las personas dudan de sus logros y habilidades. Se evaluó la relación entre el síndrome del impostor con variables sociodemográficas y psicológicas mediante un estudio transversal en mujeres que residen en Argentina, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú (N=430). Se aplicó un cuestionario que evaluó el síndrome del impostor, nivel de depresión, ansiedad e insomnio. El estudio reveló que el 75% de las participantes presentó el síndrome del impostor, 70% ansiedad, 50% insomnio y 36% depresión. Dos modelos multivariados evidenciaron que ser investigadora o tener un puesto directivo y tener hijos, son predictores para el síndrome del impostor. Esta situación puede mermar su crecimiento y obstaculizar su crecimiento profesional.

Teacher psychological wellbeing is a key component to understand the educational system. The burnout is considered one of the most destructive disorders affecting teachers. In this research, a sample of 257 teachers (186 women, age ranging from 24 to 64 years, M = 42.58, SD = 9.8) was cluster analysed to find groups of teachers differing in burnout profiles. Symptoms networks (no directed and directed) for stress, depression, and anxiety were then estimated for each cluster. Results show that self-deprecation and devaluation of life are central symptoms of depression for teachers suffering from burnout. The subjective experience of anxiety is observed to be the central symptom for anxiety, whereas irritability/over-reactivity is the central symptom of stress in teachers suffering from burnout. Those results are useful to enhance our understanding of teaching burnout as well as to design interventions to minimize the negative impact of psychological symptoms in teachers. Intervention programs are suggested to be designed to prevent burnout in older teachers who show higher risk of suffering from occupational exhaustion. It is also suggested to increase the flows of compassion to reduce depression among those teachers scoring hight in burnout. Interventions based on cognitive behavioural therapy or mindfulness are proposed to be effective in those cases.

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are considered at elevated risk of experiencing mental health disorders in working with patients with COVID-19. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of common mental health disorders in HCWs based in hospitals where pandemic-affected patients were treated. Method: Databases were searched for studies published before 30 March 2020. Quantitative synthesis was used to obtain estimates of the prevalence of mental health disorders in four time windows, determined a priori (the acute phase, i.e. during and up to 1.5 months post-pandemic; 1.5-5.9 months; 6-11.9 months; 12 months and later). Results: Nineteen studies met the review criteria. They predominantly addressed the acute phase of the SARS outbreak in Asia. The most studied outcomes were clinically significant post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and general psychiatric caseness. For clinically significant PTSS in the acute phase, the prevalence estimate was 23.4% (95% CI 16.3, 31.2; N = 4147; I 2  = 96.2%); in the 12 months plus window, the estimate was 11.9% (8.4, 15.8; N = 1136; I 2  = 74.3%). For general psychiatric caseness, prevalence estimates were acute phase, 34.1% (18.7, 51.4; N = 3971; I 2  = 99.1%); 6-12 months, 17.9% (13.1, 23.2; N = 223; I 2  = 0.0%); 12 months plus, 29.3% (6.0, 61.0; N = 710; I 2  = 97.8%). No differences between doctors and nurses with respective to PTSS and general psychiatric caseness were apparent in the acute phase. Conclusions: Mental health disorders are particularly common in HCWs working with pandemic-afflicted patients immediately following a pandemic, but the course of disorders following this period is poorly understood. There was considerable heterogeneity between studies, likely linked to methodological differences. More extended follow up of HCWs is needed. * Mental health difficulties, in particular post-traumatic stress, are common in healthcare workers working with patients infected during a pandemic. The long-term impact of working in such environments is poorly understood, however.

Contrary to specific phobias, for which Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) constitutes an effective treatment, uncertainty still exists regarding the usefulness of VRET for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, this meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of VRET for PTSD as compared to waitlist and active comparators. A literature search yielded nine controlled studies encompassing 296 participants (124 VRET, 172 controls). The differences between conditions regarding the primary outcome of PTSD symptom severity and the secondary outcome of depressive and anxiety symptoms post-treatment were calculated using Hedges' g. Compared to waitlist controls, VRET showed a significantly better outcome for PTSD symptoms (g = 0.62, p = .017) and depressive symptoms (g = 0.50, p = .008). There was no significant difference between VRET and active comparators regarding PTSD symptoms (g = 0.25, p = .356) and depressive symptoms (g = 0.24, p = .340) post-treatment. No significant effects emerged for anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that VRET may be as effective as active comparators for PTSD patients. However, the results must be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of trials and the substantial number of - predominantly male - military service members studied. Additional controlled trials, considering a wider range of trauma types and balanced gender, are required to strengthen the evidence. * There was evidence of a medium sized effect for VRET over WL for PTSD and depression.* No significant difference between VRET and active controls in reducing PTSD symptoms.* Results indicate no significant changes in anxiety after VRET.

Introduction and Objective:Pregnancy often brings both physical and psychological changes that can last throughout the nine months. Many pregnant women experience anxiety and fear about the labor process. Anxiety during pregnancy can lead to complications for both the mother and baby. Prenatal Gentle Yoga, a non-pharmacological treatment, has been suggested as a way to help pregnant women manage stress and anxiety, while preparing them mentally and physically for childbirth. The purpose of this study is todetermine whether Prenatal Gentle Yoga can reduce anxiety levels in pregnant women in the third trimester, specifically primigrav-ida women, in preparation for childbirth.Methodology:This study utilized a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-post-test setup. The study involved 15 participants who were assessed before and after the intervention of Prenatal Gentle Yoga. The independent and dependent variables were studied simultane-ously through purposive sampling. Anxiety levels were measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the paired t-test.Results:The results showed that Prenatal Gentle Yoga had a significant effect in reducing anxi-ety levels among primigravida pregnant women in their third trimester when facing childbirth.Conclusion:This study concludes that Prenatal Gentle Yoga is an effective non-pharmacological approach to help reduce anxiety in pregnant women, particularly in preparation for labor. It is recommended for midwives to incorporate this method into prenatal care to support women before childbirth. Additionally, yoga servesas a safe and beneficial exercise for pregnant women, contributing to their physical and psychological readiness for delivery Introducción y Objetivo: El embarazo a menudo trae consigo cambios tanto físicos como psico-lógicos que pueden perdurar durante los nueve meses. Muchas mujeres embarazadas experi-mentan ansiedad y miedo sobre el proceso de parto. La ansiedad durante el embarazo puede provocar complicaciones tanto para la madre como para el bebé. Se ha sugerido que el Yoga Suave Prenatal, un tratamiento no farmacológico, puede ayudar a las mujeres embarazadas a manejar el estrés y la ansiedad, mientras las prepara mental y físicamente para el parto. El pro-pósito de este estudio es determinar si el Yoga Suave Prenatal puede reducir los niveles de an-siedad en las mujeres embarazadas en el tercer trimestre, específicamente en las primíparas, en preparación para el parto.Metodología: Este estudio utilizó un diseño pre-experimental con un diseño de pretest-post-test en un solo grupo. El estudio involucró a 15 participantes que fueron evaluadas antes y des-pués de la intervención de Yoga Suave Prenatal. Las variables independientes y dependientes se estudiaron simultáneamente mediante un muestreo intencional. Los niveles de ansiedad se midieron utilizando el cuestionario del Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Los datos fueron anali-zados mediante análisis univariado y bivariado con la prueba t para muestras relacionadas.Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el Yoga Suave Prenatal tuvo un efecto significativo en la reducción de los niveles de ansiedad entre las mujeres embarazadas primíparas en su tercer trimestre cuando se enfrentan al parto.Conclusión: Este estudio concluye que el Yoga Suave Prenatal es un enfoque no farmacológico efectivo para ayudar a reducir la ansiedad en las mujeres embarazadas, particularmente en la preparación para el parto. Se recomienda que las parteras incorporen este método en la aten-ción prenatal para apoyar a las mujeres antes del parto. Además, el yoga es un ejercicio seguro y beneficioso para las mujeres embarazadas, contribuyendo a su preparación física y psicoló-gica para el parto