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In Global Inequality and American Foreign Policy in the 1970s , Michael Franczak demonstrates how Third World solidarity around the New International Economic Order (NIEO) forced US presidents from Richard Nixon to Ronald Reagan to consolidate American hegemony over an international economic order under attack abroad and lacking support at home. The goal of the nations that supported NIEO was to negotiate a redistribution of money and power from the global North to the global South. Their weapon was control over the major commodities-in particular oil-that undergirded the prosperity of the United States and Europe after World War II. Using newly available archival sources, as well as interviews with key administration officials, Franczak reveals how the NIEO and \"North-South dialogue\" negotiations brought global inequality to the forefront of US national security. The challenges posed by NIEO became an inflection point for some of the greatest economic, political, and moral crises of 1970s America, including the end of golden age liberalism and the return of the market, the splintering of the Democratic Party and the building of the Reagan coalition, and the rise of human rights in US foreign policy in the wake of the Vietnam War. The policy debates and decisions toward the NIEO were pivotal moments in the histories of three ideological trends-neoliberalism, neoconservatism, and human rights-that formed the core of America's post-Cold War foreign policy.

This study aimed to investigate the disparities and inequalities in food accessibility in colonial Seoul (Keijo [京城] in Japanese, and Gyeongseong [경성] in Korean) in the 1930s, using a geographic information system (GIS) and open-source transport analytics tools. We specifically focused on the unique social standing of people in the colonial era, namely colonial rulers (Japanese) vs. subjects (Koreans) and examined whether neighborhoods with larger proportions of colonial rulers had more access to food opportunities. For a comprehensive evaluation, we computed food accessibility by multiple transport modes (e.g., public transit and walking), as well as by different time budgets (e.g., 15 min and 30 min) and considered various sets of food options—including rice, meat, seafood, general groceries, vegetables, and fruits—when measuring and comparing accessibility across neighborhoods in colonial Seoul. We took a novel digital humanities approach by synthesizing historical materials and modern, open-source transport analysis tools to compute cumulative opportunity-based accessibility measures in 1930s colonial Seoul. The results revealed that Japanese-dominant neighborhoods had higher accessibility by both public transit and walking than Korean-dominant neighborhoods. The results further suggest that inequality and disparity in food accessibility is observed not only in contemporary society but also in the 1930s, indicating a historically rooted issue.

The COVID-19 pandemic worsened inequalities in healthcare, education, and housing, increasing extreme poverty and exposing ethnic and racial disparities. Access to nutritious food was also affected, particularly among vulnerable groups, including non-white individuals and women. Therefore, the primary objective of our study was to gain insight into the socioeconomic disparities in the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and soft drinks before and during the COVID-19 pandemic across all regions of Brazil. We conducted research using data from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL) to analyze the consumption patterns of fruits, vegetables, and soft drinks/artificial juices before and during the pandemic, focusing on adults (aged 18–59 years) who regularly consume these items five or more days a week, and including information on skin color, age, marital status, sex, region of residence, and socioeconomic level. The sample consisted of 261,643 individuals. The period from 2012 to 2020 was classified as pre-pandemic, while 2021–2022 was considered the pandemic period. The findings significant role that socioeconomic inequalities play in shaping dietary habits, with notable differences associated with gender, skin color, educational attainment, marital status, and region of residence. Women who are non-white, have lower educational levels, are single, and reside in the northern and northeastern regions reported lower consumption of fruits and vegetables. Our data unequivocally highlight the pressing need for new, targeted public policies aimed at addressing food inequalities in Brazil. This need is particularly urgent following the pandemic, which has further exacerbated ethnic and social disparities in the country.

This study examines the relationship between agricultural sustainability, food poverty and inequality from the panel of 20 European countries over the period 1990–2013. The study decomposed agricultural sustainability indicators into its four components including agricultural value added per worker, agricultural employment, agricultural raw material exports and forest area, while food poverty associated with the household final consumption expenditures coupled with the food inequality that represented by Gini coefficient and income share by lowest 20 % population respectively. The results show that agricultural employment, agricultural value added per worker, forest area, fossil fuel and GDP per capita significantly associated with the increasing household final consumption expenditures, while carbon dioxide emissions, industrial value added and inflation have a negative relationship with the household consumption expenditures in the panel of selected European countries. The results indicate that agricultural sustainability considerably decrease income inequality on the cost of fossil fuel energy consumption, while GDP per capita and industrial value added significantly decline income inequality during the study period. There is a significant increase in the income share of lowest 20 % population due to agricultural sustainability and growth reforms in the region. The study concludes that agricultural sustainability is the promising solution to reduce food poverty and inequality in the region.

There is no denying the fact that, for a developing country like Bangladesh, the economic consequences of lockdown for containing COVID-19 pandemic can be far reaching affecting livelihoods of millions of households. Given that the share of food consumption expenditure to total expenditure is higher in the lower income groups of Bangladesh, this shock is expected to directly affect affordability of consumption of basic food items of these households. Using nationally representative household survey data of Bangladesh, and while following the Feasible Generalized Least Square method, this paper attempts to examine food poverty, food consumption inequality along with vulnerability to food poverty of households and explores the importance of different socio-demographic and environmental factors in this connection. Our estimation reflects that, greater percentage of households with young children or with elderly people are found to suffer high food vulnerability. In addition, households in environmentally endangered regions e.g. drought prone areas or river erosion affected places are more food vulnerable than those in other parts of the country. Certain occupation groups e.g. day labourer and self-employed are found to be highly vulnerable to food poverty while according to our decomposition analysis of food consumption inequality, area of residence (urban vs. rural) is expected to cause sizable inequality in food consumption. This study can therefore, help in identifying food vulnerable households for government's social protection programs and COVID-19 incentive packages, and thereby can contribute towards designing effective poverty reduction strategies.

The COVID-19 pandemic as a global crisis had numerous impacts on the food system. As the pandemic proceeded, this topic was broadly taken up by local and national newspapers in Germany. Questions of (global) food supply chains, expected food shortages, and food security were raised, as well as questions on how the pandemic would and did change consumers food choices and eating habits. This paper analyzes the media coverage of how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced narratives on food, diets, and nutrition in Germany. It provides a general overview of the food related topics addressed during the two lockdowns in 2020 and 2021 using the concept of framing to structure the data. As most of the analyzed articles centered around the fragilities of the food system and the various effects the pandemic and the associated lockdowns had on people’s consumption choices or options respectively, the paper takes class-related stratification into account. The media narratives regarding food and COVID-19 are presented alongside the different stages of the food system.

In this article, I describe a community-engaged, social sciences course focused on food inequalities and designed to respond to high levels of food insecurity at one campus in the California State University-system, the largest public educational system in the United States. Using student summary assessments (n = 126) collected over five semesters, I explore outcomes from the course and ask whether the course fosters awareness and a campus culture of support for students experiencing material hardships. The analysis shows that students produced community partner-requested content that felt supportive of food insecure students, awareness of food inequalities and their causes grew dramatically, students felt more comfortable seeking help from the food pantry and CalFresh on campus, and a number of students expressed long-term commitment to solving food inequalities. I conclude with a discussion of factors supporting the success of the course’s objective.

In New York and other cities, substantial evidence documents that community food environments interact with inequitable allocation of power, wealth, and services to shape the distribution of diet-related diseases and food insecurity. This case study shows how one Central Brooklyn community organization, Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, has launched multiple coordinated food initiatives in order to reduce the burden of food-related health problems and boost community development. The report used standard case study methods to document the implementation of the New York City Food and Fitness Partnership in Central Brooklyn. The case study shows how two distinct strands of activities, a Farm to Early Care Program that ultimately brought fresh food to 30 child care centers, and a food hub that sought to make fresh local food more available in Central Brooklyn, intersected and reinforced each other. It also shows how organizational, community, and municipal resources and policies in some cases supported these initiatives and in others served as obstacles. Finally, the case study shows that multiple coordinated strategies have the potential to empower low-income Black and Latino communities to act to make local food environments healthier and more equitable.

This paper explores a social and spatial (socio-spatial) response to urban food insecurity in Toronto, Ontario as expressed through FoodShare's Good Food Market (GFM) program. I argue that the GFMs draw on a multi-scalar conception of urban food insecurity to inform a strategy of resistance to the globalized food system and as a means of reducing food insecurity in Toronto. In as much as the GFM markets are relatively fixed places of resistance to the globalized and industrialized food system, I argue they can be more broadly theorized within the free space literature, a product of the confluence of social movement and critical human geography scholarship. Situating the GFM markets within this hybrid theoretical context illuminates strengths and raises cautions of employing place-based scalar strategies in the context of urban food activism. Ce document explore un sociales et spatiales (socio-spatiale) en réponse à l'insécurité alimentaire urbaine de Toronto, en Ontario, exprimée par le biais de FoodShare bon marché alimentaire programme (GFM). Je soutiens que le GFMs dessiner sur un multi-scalaire conception de l'insécurité alimentaire urbaine d'informer une stratégie de résistance à la mondialisation du système alimentaire et comme un moyen de réduire l'insécurité alimentaire à Toronto. En autant que les GFM marchés sont relativement fixes lieux de résistance à la mondialisation et les pays industrialisés système alimentaire, je soutiens qu'ils peuvent être plus largement théoriques au sein de l'espace libre la littérature, un produit de la confluence du mouvement social et critique la géographie humaine bourse. Situer le GFM marchés dans cet hybride contexte théorique s'allume atouts et soulève les mises en garde de l'emploi axée sur l'endroit et scalaire stratégie dans le contexte de l'alimentation urbaine activisme.

This chapter describes the factors unique to Australia that both describe and report on the impact on food inequality. The context for food inequality and the measures used to give an insight are briefly described. Australia is often referred to as the ‘lucky country’. In 1964, Donald Horne wrote The Lucky Country, using the term ironically to highlight that Australia was simply lucky rather than clever as it had reaped the benefits of technological, economic, social and political innovations developed in other countries that were clever. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the future challenges of food inequity in Australia. The chapter will address the following issues: (1) The uniqueness of the Australian situation and how this impacts on food inequality. (2) How the issue/problem of food inequality is represented by government in a ‘lucky country’ like Australia. (3) The challenges for food inequality in developed countries like Australia. (4) What would a comprehensive Food and nutrition monitoring systems that report on food inequality look like?