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Medication adherence is essential for improving the health outcomes of patients. Various patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been developed to measure medication adherence in patients. However, no study has summarized the psychometric properties of these PROMs to guide selection for use in clinical practice or research. This study aims to evaluate the quality of the PROMs used to measure medication adherence. This study was guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. Relevant articles were retrieved from the EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases. The PROMs were then evaluated based on the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines. A total of 121 unique medication adherence PROMs from 214 studies were identified. Hypotheses testing for construct validity and internal consistency were the most frequently assessed measurement properties. PROMs with at least a moderate level of evidence for ≥5 measurement properties include the Adherence Starts with Knowledge 20, Compliance Questionnaire-Rheumatology, General Medication Adherence Scale, Hill-Bone Scale, Immunosuppressant Therapy Barrier Scale, Medication Adherence Reasons Scale (MAR-Scale) revised, 5-item Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS-5), 9-item MARS (MARS-9), 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4), 8-item MMAS (MMAS-8), Self-efficacy for Appropriate Medication Adherence Scale, Satisfaction with Iron Chelation Therapy, Test of Adherence to Inhalers, and questionnaire by Voils. The MAR-Scale revised, MMAS-4, and MMAS-8 have been administered electronically. This study identified 121 PROMs for medication adherence and provided synthesized evidence for the measurement properties of these PROMs. The findings from this study may assist clinicians and researchers in selecting suitable PROMs to assess medication adherence.

Objective To shorten the Patient Engagement In Research Scale (PEIRS) to its most essential items and evaluate its measurement properties for assessing the degree of patients’ and family caregivers’ meaningful engagement as partners in research projects. Methods A prospective cross‐sectional web‐based survey in Canada and the USA, and also paper‐based in Canada. Participants were patients or family caregivers who had engaged in research projects within the last 3 years, were ≥17 years old, and communicated in English. Extensive psychometric analyses were conducted. Results 119 participants: 99 from Canada, 74 female, 51 aged 17‐35 years and 50 aged 36‐65 years, 60 had post‐secondary education, and 74 were Caucasian/white. The original 37‐item PEIRS was shortened to 22 items (PEIRS‐22), mainly because of low inter‐item correlations. PEIRS‐22 had a single dominant construct that accounted for 55% of explained variance. Analysis of PEIRS‐22 scores revealed the following: (1) acceptable floor and ceiling effects (<15%), (2) internal consistency (ordinal alpha = 0.96), (3) structural validity by fit to a Rasch measurement model, (4) construct validity by moderate correlations with the Public and Patient Engagement Evaluation Tool, (5) good test‐retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.86) and (6) interpretability demonstrated by significant differences among PEIRS‐22 scores across three levels of global meaningful engagement in research. Conclusions The shortened PEIRS is valid and reliable for assessing the degree of meaningful patient and family caregiver engagement in research. It enables standardized assessment of engagement in research across various contexts. Patient or public contribution A researcher‐initiated collaboration, patient partners contributed from study conception to manuscript write‐up.

The study aimed to provide a measurement tool for the assessment of resilience among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in China. The study period was from April 2019 to October 2020: first, 14 PLHIV were interviewed to build an item pool; 15 experts were invited to evaluate the scale items. The test–retest reliability of the scale was carried out with 29 PLHIV. Online and field investigation were used, and convenience sampling was conducted in Luzhou and Zigong. A pool of 31 items was formed and the Scale-Level Content Validity Index average was 0.96, while the that intra-class correlation coefficient for test–retest reliability was 0.816. From the exploratory factor analysis, four factors (Acceptance; Disease Management; Emotion Regulation; and Reconstruction) with 19 items were extracted. The Cronbach’s alpha value of the Resilience Scale was 0.88. This scale could prove useful as a measuring tool for evaluating the level of resilience for PLHIV.

The objectives were to translate the University of Jyvaskyla Active Aging Scale (UJACAS) to Swedish, to establish semantic equivalence and evaluate psychometric properties for use among persons 55 years and older in Sweden. The UJACAS contains 17 items to be self-assessed regarding goals, abilities, opportunity, and activity. Psychometric properties content validity, data quality including floor and ceiling effects, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity were evaluated with different samples in three phases, using state-of-the-art statistics. After translating and establishing semantic equivalence, content validity was assessed as high. With ICC = 0.88 (95% CI 0.80–0.93) test-retest reliability was moderate. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach alpha = 0.84–0.91), and 84% of the questions reached the cut-off value of 0.3 for corrected item-total correlation. Construct validity hypotheses were confirmed. Results indicate that the UJACAS is reliable and valid for use among persons 55 and older in Sweden.

This study aimed to develop and test a University Students’ Perceptions of Physical Education (PE) Scale. The study was conducted in three phases in a southwestern city in China from December 2021 to October 2022. In Phase 1, an item pool was constructed based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews. In Phase 2, expert evaluations and university student interviews were conducted to evaluate the content validity of the questionnaire. In Phase 3, a cross-sectional study was administered to university students. Composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) for internal consistency and test-retest reliability analyses were calculated for the stability reliability analysis. The validity evaluations included content, construct, and discriminant validity and an invariance test. The developed scale comprises 20 items covering six domains: habituated behavior in physical activity, self-efficacy in PE, attitude and experience in PE, skills and knowledge, classroom climate, and facilities, equipment and norms. Each domain’s CR and AVE values exceeded 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. The statistical indices of the final model were chi-square (χ2) = 458.227, degrees of freedom (df) = 155, Comparative Fit Index = 0.957, Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.947, standardized root mean square residual = 0.061, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.066, supporting the reliability and viability of the scale. A scientific process was adopted in constructing the University Students’ Perceptions of PE Scale. High validity and reliability scores indicate the suitability of using this scale for further research. Plain Language Summary Developing a questionnaire to assess perception of Physical Education among university students in China This study developed a questionnaire to understand how university students in China viewed PE. The process comprised three steps. First, we consructed questionnaire items based on existing literature and interviews with university students. Second, experts and university students evaluated the questionnaire items to to ensure they were clear and appropriate. Third, the questionnaire was given out to university students to conduct a cross-sectional study. The final version of the questionnaire consisted of 20 items in six domains (Habitual behavior in PA [behavior factor], self-efficacy in PE [personal factor], attitude and experience in PE [personal factor], skills and knowledge [environment factor], classroom climate [environment factor], and facilities, equipment and norms [environment factor]). We tested the reliability and validity of the questionnaire on 1,382 university students. We found that the questionnaire was reliable and valid.

Critical thinking stands out as one of the most important cognitive abilities needed for effective adaptation to a knowledge-based society in the 21st century. Despite its significance, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the conceptual and methodological frameworks for measuring it. This study aimed to design and validate a comprehensive assessment scale for critical thinking. A specification table was constructed based on the critical thinking components agreed upon in the current literature, from which corresponding items were formulated and subsequently validated by expert judges. Following adjustments to the test, 258 Colombian participants completed it. Sample adequacy (KMO), Bartlett’s sphericity, and collinearity were confirmed, and the results underwent exploratory factor analysis. Reliability analysis was conducted using McDonald’s ω, Cronbach’s α, Guttman’s λ6, and Greatest Lower Bound (GLB) statistics. The final test comprised 17 items organized into 2 constituent factors, demonstrating robust content and internal structure validity, as well as high levels of precision and internal consistency (overall GLB of .93). The Critical Thinking Evaluation Scale (CTES) exhibits validity and reliability for use within the Colombian population. Its adaptation for other contexts and countries, both Spanish and English-speaking, is recommended. The Spanish version, along with the validated English version for potential adaptations, and scoring norms are provided in the attached documents. Plain language summary Scale to evaluate critical thinking Critical thinking is one of the most important cognitive skills, but there is no complete instrument for its evaluation. Therefore, this study aimed to design and validate a comprehensive evaluation scale for critical thinking. A table of contents of the components of critical thinking was constructed, the items were designed and validated by expert judges. After adjustments to the test, 258 Colombian participants answered it and validity and reliability analyzes were carried out. The final test was composed of 17 items organized into 2 constituent factors, demonstrating strong content and internal structural validity, as well as high levels of precision and internal consistency (overall GLB of .93). The Critical Thinking Evaluation Scale (CTES) is a test with high validity and reliability for use in the Colombian population. Its adaptation is recommended for other contexts and countries, both Spanish and English speaking. The Spanish version, along with the validated English version for possible adaptations and scoring standards, are provided in the attached documents.

Recent research has suggested that the breadth and evenness of activity and activity diversity contribute to health outcomes among older adults. However, few established assessment tools for activity diversity have been developed. This study developed an Activity Diversity Questionnaire (ADQ) for older adults through expert consultation and a preliminary survey among 18 community-dwelling older adults. The diversity score was calculated according to Shannon’s entropy. In study 1, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of the diversity scores were determined for community-dwelling older adults (n = 30). In study 2, concurrent validity was tested with participants receiving comprehensive health checkups at the Itabashi ward in Japan in 2018 (n = 766). The correlation coefficients of the diversity scores were then calculated in reference to the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence and Japan Science and Technology Agency Index of Competence. The final version of the ADQ consisted of 20 total items with excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.84) and moderate correlations with both the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence and Japan Science and Technology Agency Index of Competence (r = 0.48 and 0.60, respectively). The ADQ was developed through scientific procedures and revealed sufficient reliability and validity. As such, it is a scientifically validated tool for assessing activity diversity among older adults.

In the context of pain and pain-related disability, perceived injustice is conceptualized as an appraisal process characterized by a tendency to view one’s losses as severe and irreparable and attribute blame for one’s suffering to others. Previous research measured perceived injustice using the Injustice Experiences Questionnaire (IEQ). However, a Simplified Chinese language version of the IEQ (IEQ-SC) is required for the population who use Simplified Chinese. This study aimed to develop the IEQ-SC and examine its psychometric properties. The IEQ-SC was administered to 212 patients with musculoskeletal injury aged 21–83 years who visited the hospital. Participants completed several patient-reported outcome measures: the IEQ-SC, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) pain intensity measured by a numerical rating scale (NRS), and the BPI pain interference. The factor structures of the IEQ-SC were investigated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Construct validity was assessed between the IEQ-SC and PCS, NRS, and BPI pain interference using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach’s α, and test–retest reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The two-factor model, which was identical to the IEQ-SC factor structure and had good fit indices, differs from both the original two-factor model and the three-factor model identical to the Japanese version. The IEQ-SC demonstrated adequate construct validity and high internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92; ICC = 0.97). Preliminary analyses suggest the IEQ-SC is a reliable and valid measure of pain-related injustice perceptions among Chinese patients with musculoskeletal injury.

After a mobile health (mHealth) app is created, an important step is to evaluate the usability of the app before it is released to the public. There are multiple ways of conducting a usability study, one of which is collecting target users' feedback with a usability questionnaire. Different groups have used different questionnaires for mHealth app usability evaluation: The commonly used questionnaires are the System Usability Scale (SUS) and Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ). However, the SUS and PSSUQ were not designed to evaluate the usability of mHealth apps. Self-written questionnaires are also commonly used for evaluation of mHealth app usability but they have not been validated. The goal of this project was to develop and validate a new mHealth app usability questionnaire. An mHealth app usability questionnaire (MAUQ) was designed by the research team based on a number of existing questionnaires used in previous mobile app usability studies, especially the well-validated questionnaires. MAUQ, SUS, and PSSUQ were then used to evaluate the usability of two mHealth apps: an interactive mHealth app and a standalone mHealth app. The reliability and validity of the new questionnaire were evaluated. The correlation coefficients among MAUQ, SUS, and PSSUQ were calculated. In this study, 128 study participants provided responses to the questionnaire statements. Psychometric analysis indicated that the MAUQ has three subscales and their internal consistency reliability is high. The relevant subscales correlated well with the subscales of the PSSUQ. The overall scale also strongly correlated with the PSSUQ and SUS. Four versions of the MAUQ were created in relation to the type of app (interactive or standalone) and target user of the app (patient or provider). A website has been created to make it convenient for mHealth app developers to use this new questionnaire in order to assess the usability of their mHealth apps. The newly created mHealth app usability questionnaire-MAUQ-has the reliability and validity required to assess mHealth app usability.

This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Schizophrenia Hope Scale (SHS). This methodological study was carried out with 214 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia who were followed up in the psychiatry outpatient clinics of a university hospital between August 2021 and August 2022. Data were collected using an Information Form and the Schizophrenia Hope Scale (SHS). Language and content validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, item-total correlation, Cronbach alpha coefficient, and test-retest reliability methods were used in the validity and reliability analysis of the scale. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, no item was excluded from the scale and it was determined that the scale has nine items and a single-factor structure. The single-factor structure of the scale was confirmed with the confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.901 and the factor loads ranged between 0.70 and 1.0. The test-retest correlation coefficient was r=0.959. The Turkish version of the scale was found to be valid and reliable. SCH is important since it represents the subjective meaning of hope from schizophrenic patients’ perspective and allows an easier measurement of the level of hope in this population. Mental health professionals can use SHS to determine or increase the level of hope of schizophrenia patients in their studies. Bu çalışma, Şizofreni Umut Ölçeği (ŞUÖ)’nin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Metodolojik tipte planlanan çalışmanın verileri, Ağustos 2021-Ağustos 2022 tarihleri arasında bir üniversite hastanesinin psikiyatri polikliniklerinde takip edilen şizofreni tanısı almış 214 katılımcı ile yapıldı. Verilerin toplanmasında; Bilgi Formu ve Şizofreni Umut Ölçeği (ŞUÖ) kullanıldı. Ölçeğin, geçerlik-güvenirlik analizinde dil ve kapsam geçerliliği, açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, madde-toplam puan korelasyonu, Cronbach Alfa katsayısı ve test-tekrar test güvenirlik yöntemleri kullanıldı. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucu ölçekten madde çıkarılmamış, ölçeğin dokuz maddeli ve tek faktör yapısına sahip olduğu bulundu. Ölçeğin tek faktörlü yapısı, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılarak doğrulandı. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa katsayısı 0,901 olduğu ve faktör yüklerinin 0,70 ile 1,0 aralığında değiştiği saptandı. Ayrıca test-tekrar test korelasyon katsayısının r=0,959 olduğu bulundu. Ölçeğin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğu belirlendi. ŞUÖ, şizofreni hastalarının perspektifinden umudun öznel anlamını temsil etmesi ve bu popülasyondaki umut düzeyinin daha kolay ölçülmesine olanak sağlaması açısından önemlidir. Ruh sağlığı profesyonelleri, şizofreni hastalarının umut düzeylerini tespit etmeye veya arttırmaya yönelik yapacakları çalışmalarda ŞUÖ’yü kullanılabilirler.