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Putting Education in \Educational\ Apps: Lessons From the Science of Learning
Children are in the midst of a vast, unplanned experiment, surrounded by digital technologies that were not available but 5 years ago. At the apex of this boom is the introduction of applications (\"apps\") for tablets and smartphones. However, there is simply not the time, money, or resources available to evaluate each app as it enters the market. Thus, \"educational\" apps—the number of which, as of January 2015, stood at 80,000 in Apple's App Store (Apple, 2015)—are largely unregulated and untested. This article offers a way to define the potential educational impact of current and future apps. We build upon decades of work on the Science of Learning, which has examined how children learn best. From this work, we abstract a set of principles for two ultimate goals. First, we aim to guide researchers, educators, and designers in evidence-based app development. Second, by creating an evidence-based guide, we hope to set a new standard for evaluating and selecting the most effective existing children's apps. In short, we will show how the design and use of educational apps aligns with known processes of children's learning and development and offer a framework that can be used by parents and designers alike. Apps designed to promote active, engaged, meaningful, and socially interactive learning—four \"pillars\" of learning—within the context of a supported learning goal are considered educational.
Journal Article
Describing Bilinguals Through a Conceptual Bridge: Integrating Second Language Acquisition Into Bilingualism Research
Over the last decade, research on bilingualism has placed increasing importance on the accurate and detailed description of bilingual experiences. This shift has arisen as bilingualism is now understood as a continuum rather than a dichotomous condition, emphasizing the dynamic experiences that shape the bilingual mind. While the field has made substantial progress in describing linguistic and contextual variables, it still lacks a coherent framework to capture the full range of individual differences. This paper adopts a conceptual synthesis approach (Jaakkola, 2020) to build a bridge between Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition (SLA)—two related, but traditionally separate fields, that share a common object of study: individuals who learn and use more than one language. Drawing on SLA’s established frameworks for conceptualizing and measuring individual differences—such as proficiency, motivation, aptitude, and personality—this synthesis explores how these constructs can enrich the ecological and experience-based understanding of bilingualism. Furthermore, this work situates this integration within the broader framework of the Science of Learning, a transdisciplinary field that connects cognitive science, linguistics, psychology, and education to explain learning as an adaptive, context-sensitive process. By aligning SLA, bilingualism, and the Science of Learning, the paper advances a view of language learning as a lifelong, dynamic phenomenon that reflects how humans learn, adapt, and transform through experience.
Journal Article
The teaching brain : an evolutionary trait at the heart of education
\"What is at work in the mind of a five-year-old explaining the game of tag to a new friend? What is going on in the head of a thirty-five-year-old parent showing a first-grader how to button a coat? And what exactly is happening in the brain of a sixty-five-year-old professor discussing statistics with a room full of graduate students? While research about the nature and science of learning abounds, shockingly few insights into how and why humans teach have emerged--until now. Countering the dated yet widely held presumption that teaching is simply the transfer of knowledge from one person to another, The Teaching Brain weaves together scientific research and real-life examples to show that teaching is a dynamic interaction and an evolutionary cognitive skill that develops from birth to adulthood. With engaging, accessible prose, Harvard researcher Vanessa Rodriguez reveals what it actually takes to become an expert teacher. At a time when all sides of the teaching debate tirelessly seek to define good teaching--or even how to build a better teacher--The Teaching Brain upends the misguided premises for how we measure the success of teachers. This game-changing analysis of how the mind teaches will transform common perceptions of one of the most essential human practices (and one of the most hotly debated professions), charting a path forward for teachers, parents, and anyone seeking to better understand learning--and unlocking the teaching brain in all of us\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Turning Roadblocks into Speed Bumps: A Call for Implementation Reform in Science Communication About Retrieval Practice
The science of learning literature is filled with recommendations for strategies educators can use to increase effective and efficient learning. However, some believe that implementation has not been as robust as many have hoped. We believe more effective science communication is needed to increase the overall impact of science of learning research in education, but more data on the most effective ways to accomplish this are needed. Our efforts to increase science communication with educators have included workshops, and from our experiences three concerns regarding the implementation of retrieval practice in particular seem to consistently arise during our workshop conversations with educators. These concerns include the time or workload associated with planning, enacting, and evaluating retrieval practice activities, that retrieval practice might be only useful for learning basic knowledge, and that retrieval practice might cause test anxiety among students. While these concerns could be considered roadblocks to implementation efforts, we have viewed them as speed bumps, opportunities to slow down and discuss some of the nuances of retrieval practice research that can serve to address the concerns. In this commentary, we describe the ways we have attempted to leverage existing literature to address these concerns so far. Importantly, we call for formal research investigating implementation reform of retrieval practice. For science of learning research to have a greater impact on education, the field must systematically identify the concerns of educators in applying the research, and systematically evaluate effective ways to communicate the science to overcome these concerns.
Journal Article
Constructing representations to learn in science
\"Current research into student learning in science has shifted attention from the traditional cognitivist perspectives of conceptual change to socio-cultural and semiotic perspectives that characterize learning in terms of induction into disciplinary literacy practices. This book builds on recent interest in the role of representations in learning to argue for a pedagogical practice based on students actively generating and exploring representations. The book describes a sustained inquiry in which the authors worked with primary and secondary teachers of science, on key topics identified as problematic in the research literature. Data from classroom video, teacher interviews and student artifacts were used to develop and validate a set of pedagogical principles and explore student learning and teacher change issues. The authors argue the theoretical and practical case for a representational focus. The pedagogical approach is illustrated and explored in terms of the role of representation to support quality student learning in science. Separate chapters address the implications of this perspective and practice for structuring sequences around different concepts, reasoning and inquiry in science, models and model based reasoning, the nature of concepts and learning, teacher change, and assessment. The authors argue that this representational focus leads to significantly enhanced student learning, and has the effect of offering new and productive perspectives and approaches for a number of contemporary strands of thinking in science education including conceptual change, inquiry, scientific literacy, and a focus on the epistemic nature of science.\"--Back cover.
Book
The Future of Higher Education: Identifying Current Educational Problems and Proposed Solutions
It is widely acknowledged that higher education is failing to meet the needs of students and employers, while educational costs and student debt are rapidly increasing. Our aim was to address these issues in an innovative fashion through a structured review combined with recommendations for best practices. Specifically, we aimed to identify and systemize failings of higher ed based on current scholarship, propose solutions, and identify institutions of higher education (IHEs) that have begun to successfully put these solutions in practice. Based on our literature review, this is the first time such a study has been conducted. We performed a structured literature review and identified four key failings in higher education: quality, relevance, access, and cost. From the reviewed literature we extracted a rubric to identify and evaluate twelve IHEs that are effectively applying new and innovative models that address these four problems. We conclude by recommending best practices for the successful redesign of IHEs. The overarching problem we identified was lack of student preparedness to succeed in a highly complex, competitive, and increasingly global, digital world—curricula lack relevance. IHEs are failing to teach the skills and tools needed for sustained success in the workplace: critical and creative thinking, problem-solving, co-operation, tolerance, and collaboration (which incidentally align with the skills and tools needed for effective citizenship) and when they do, they are not using evidence-based pedagogical strategies drawn from research on the science of learning. Additionally, IHEs are failing to provide accessible, high-quality, affordable postsecondary education. Financial and geographic inaccessibility, opaque admissions processes, attrition, poor attention to student health and well-being, lack of Indigenous inclusion, weak utilization of technology, and outmoded teaching methods and content contribute to the barriers to student success. The twelve IHEs we identified are geographically, economically, and pedagogically diverse, each serving as a model for the future of higher education. The novel contributions offered here are (i) a systematic review of higher education’s failings as they impact students and employers, (ii) identification of specific programs and initiatives that can ameliorate these failings, and (iii) identification of IHEs that are engaging in best practices with respect to (i) and (ii).
Journal Article
Eventful learning : learner emotions
\"Eventful Learning: Learner Emotions provides cutting edge research on emotions and learning that are new and highly relevant to classroom researchers, teachers in pre-k-12 and college classrooms, and teacher educators. Event-oriented inquiry is appealing in that it emphasizes transformative potential of research while providing unique insights into everyday problems faced by teachers and teacher educators. The social and cultural theories used in the research blur disciplinary boundaries and support novel activities such as breathing meditation and cogenerative dialogue to provide students with greater autonomy and responsibility to regulate emotional intensity and enhance learning\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Effects of a Science of Learning Course on College Students’ Learning With a Computer
First-year courses have been used to bolster college student success, but empirical evidence on their efficacy is mixed. We investigated whether a first-year science of learning course, focused on self-regulated learning, would benefit first-generation college students. We randomly assigned students to a treatment condition involving enrollment in the course, a comparison condition in which students had access to online course materials only, or a control condition. From this larger study, we recruited 43 students to participate in a laboratory task involving learning about the circulatory system with a computer. We found that treatment and comparison students experienced greater changes in conceptual knowledge than the control group, and we found differences in the enactment of monitoring and strategy use across conditions.
Journal Article