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The Irrelevant Speech Effect in Backward Recall Is Modulated by Foreknowledge of Recall Direction and Response Modality
The Irrelevant Speech Effect in Backward Recall Is Modulated by Foreknowledge of Recall Direction and Response Modality
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The Irrelevant Speech Effect in Backward Recall Is Modulated by Foreknowledge of Recall Direction and Response Modality
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The Irrelevant Speech Effect in Backward Recall Is Modulated by Foreknowledge of Recall Direction and Response Modality
The Irrelevant Speech Effect in Backward Recall Is Modulated by Foreknowledge of Recall Direction and Response Modality

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The Irrelevant Speech Effect in Backward Recall Is Modulated by Foreknowledge of Recall Direction and Response Modality
The Irrelevant Speech Effect in Backward Recall Is Modulated by Foreknowledge of Recall Direction and Response Modality
Journal Article

The Irrelevant Speech Effect in Backward Recall Is Modulated by Foreknowledge of Recall Direction and Response Modality

2021
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Overview
In backward immediate serial recall, participants recall lists of items immediately after their presentation by beginning with the last presented item and ending with the first presented one. Despite the similarities with forward recall in which participants recall the items from the first to the last presented, benchmark memory phenomena reliably found in forward recall are not constantly observed in backward recall. Here, we proposed a new framework called the encoding-retrieval matching (ERM) hypothesis to account for backward recall. The ERM retains the main features of the visuospatial hypothesis and the item-order trade-off hypothesis, the two dominant accounts of backward recall. According to the ERM, output modality and foreknowledge of recall direction influence the availability of visuospatial representations and the weight devoted to item and order processing. We tested the ERM with irrelevant speech, a well-known working memory factor disrupting forward recall. In two experiments, we manipulated recall direction (forward vs. backward), irrelevant speech (control vs. irrelevant speech), and response modality (manual vs. oral). As predicted by the ERM, when recall direction was unpredictable in Experiment 1, the magnitude of the irrelevant speech effect was larger in backward manual recall than in backward oral recall. In Experiment 2, recall direction was predictable. As predicted by the ERM, in backward recall, the irrelevant speech effect was reduced with a manual response and absent with an oral response. We concluded that ERM effectively accounts for the complex interplay between response modality, foreknowledge of recall direction, and benchmark memory effects in backward recall. Lors du rappel sériel immédiat dans l'ordre inverse, les participants doivent se remémorer des listes d'éléments immédiatement après qu'on leur ait présenté ceux-ci, du dernier élément présenté au premier. Malgré les similitudes avec le rappel dans l'ordre, où les participants doivent se remémorer les éléments du premier au dernier présenté, les phénomènes de mémoire de référence que l'on observe de manière fiable lors du rappel dans l'ordre ne sont pas constamment observés lors du rappel dans l'ordre inverse. Nous proposons ici un nouveau cadre - appelé hypothèse d'« appariement par encodage/remémoration » (encoding-retrieval matching, ou ERM) pour rendre compte du rappel dans l'ordre inverse. L'ERM conserve les principales caractéristiques de l'hypothèse visuospatiale et de l'hypothèse du compromis item-ordre de présentation, les deux éléments prépondérants à l'œuvre lors du rappel dans l'ordre inverse. Selon l'hypothèse de l'ERM, la nature de la modalité de réponse et le fait de connaître à l'avance la direction du rappel (dans l'ordre ou dans l'ordre inverse) influent sur la disponibilité des représentations visuospatiales, ainsi que sur le poids accordé aux éléments donnés et au traitement de l'ordre dans lequel ces éléments sont présentés. Nous avons mis à l'essai l'ERM en recourant au discours hors sujet, un facteur de la mémoire primaire bien connu pour son effet perturbateur dans le rappel dans l'ordre. Lors de deux expériences, nous avons manipulé la direction du rappel (dans l'ordre ou dans l'ordre inverse), le caractère du discours (contrôlé ou hors sujet) et la modalité de réponse (manuelle ou orale). Comme prédit par l'hypothèse de l'ERM, lorsque la direction du rappel était imprévisible durant l'expérience 1, l'amplitude de l'effet du discours hors sujet était supérieure en rappel manuel dans l'ordre inverse par rapport au rappel oral dans l'ordre inverse. Lors de l'expérience 2, la direction du rappel était prévisible. Comme prédit par l'hypothèse de l'ERM, lors du rappel dans l'ordre inverse, l'effet du discours hors sujet se trouvait diminué en réponse manuelle, et absent en réponse orale. Nous en avons donc conclu que l'ERM traduit efficacement l'interaction complexe des effets de la modalité de réponse, de la prescience de la direction du rappel, et de la mémoire de référence lors du rappel dans l'ordre inverse. Public Significance Statement For more than a century, backward immediate recall, requiring participants to recall the sequence of to-be-remembered items from the last to the first presented one, has been used as a measure of memory span in intelligence and neuropsychological tests. However, the processes involved remained misunderstood. Here, we present a novel theoretical framework called the encoding-retrieval matching (ERM) hypothesis which highlights the importance of visuospatial representations, output modality, and foreknowledge of recall direction. Our novel hypothesis can successfully account for the complex set of findings observed in immediate backward recall.
Publisher
Educational Publishing Foundation,Canadian Psychological Association