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One Health WASH: an AMR-smart integrative approach to preventing and controlling infection in farming communities
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Journal Article
One Health WASH: an AMR-smart integrative approach to preventing and controlling infection in farming communities
2023
Overview
The 2022 World Antimicrobial Awareness Week saw the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Organisation for Animal Health focused their campaign on the theme ‘Preventing AMR together’ to improve awareness and understanding of AMR and encourage best practices.2 While a One Health framework is now promoted for conceptualising the complex problem of AMR, the evidence base of interventions designed within this rubric is thin. Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) in human health is considered fundamental for AMR, defined as measures ‘that prevent patients and health workers from being harmed by avoidable infections and as a result of AMR’.4 In animal health, the prevention and control of infections commonly focus on measures to reduce the risk of introduction and/or spread of diseases between animals on farms and from and to farm workers. Measures to prevent and control infections at a community level in animal agricultural settings where humans and animals live in close contact is an overlooked area ripe for a One Health approach, especially when a significant proportion of the global population is involved in small-scale, semi-intensive livestock farming. WASH and on-farm biosecurity as infection prevention and control measures WASH comprises a group of measures to provide or improve drinking water supply (water quantity), as well as to remove or inactivate pathogens and chemicals ‘at source’ and/or ‘at point of use’ (water quality), to provide or improve facilities for the disposal of human waste (sanitation), and to promote or implement changes in hygienic practices (hygiene).8 A recent study9 suggests biosecurity measures in animal health to be defined as ‘the implementation of a segregation, hygiene or management procedure (excluding medically effective feed additives and preventive/curative treatment of animals) that specifically aims at reducing the probability of the introduction, establishment, survival or spread of any potential pathogen to, within or from a farm, a linked processing operation or a geographical area’.
