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Insects, tending ants, and spiders on Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae) saplings as bioindicators for the recovery of degraded area
Insects, tending ants, and spiders on Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae) saplings as bioindicators for the recovery of degraded area
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Insects, tending ants, and spiders on Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae) saplings as bioindicators for the recovery of degraded area
Insects, tending ants, and spiders on Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae) saplings as bioindicators for the recovery of degraded area

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Insects, tending ants, and spiders on Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae) saplings as bioindicators for the recovery of degraded area
Insects, tending ants, and spiders on Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae) saplings as bioindicators for the recovery of degraded area
Journal Article

Insects, tending ants, and spiders on Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae) saplings as bioindicators for the recovery of degraded area

2026
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Overview
Abstract Anthropogenic activities have intensified soil degradation and disrupted essential ecological processes, underscoring the need for effective ecological restoration strategies. Terminalia argentea, a pioneer species of the Cerrado, has demonstrated potential for recovering degraded areas and facilitating arthropod recolonization. Arthropods are sensitive to environmental changes and are thus recognized as bioindicators. This study aimed to assess the recovery of a degraded area by evaluating insect and spider ecological indices, their interactions, and the plant biomass of T. argentea saplings over a two-year field establishment period. Saplings with greater biomass (e.g., more leaves/branch) supported a higher abundance and richness of tending ants. During the first year after planting, the leaves of T. argentea saplings exhibited higher numbers of chewing insects (e.g., Cerotoma sp.) and their ecological indices (e.g., diversity), spiders (e.g., Oxyopidae) and their species richness, bees (e.g., Trigona spinipes) and their abundance, and tending ants (e.g., Brachymyrmex sp.) and their diversity and richness of species. In contrast, saplings in the second year after planting hosted higher numbers of sap-sucking insects (e.g., Aphis spiraecola), their tending ant Camponotus sp., and their Dolichopodidae predators. Saplings with more sap-sucking insects (e.g., Phenacoccus sp.) also had more tending ants (e.g., Camponotus sp.). However, an increase in tending ants (e.g., Ectatomma sp.) was associated with a reduction in predators (e.g., Photinus sp.) and chewing insects (e.g., Lamprosoma sp.). The presence of spiders (e.g., Araneidae) was correlated with higher numbers of chewing insects (e.g., Cephalocoema sp.), while Mantis religiosa and Polybia sp. were more common on saplings with higher defoliation percentages, and Syrphus sp. was associated with Bemisia sp.. These results indicate that trophic interactions, mediated by both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms, structure the arthropod community on T. argentea, promoting the coexistence of functional groups and enhancing ecological indices. Future studies involving predator exclusion and leaf chemical analyses will be essential to deepen this understanding. Resumo As atividades antropogênicas intensificaram a degradação do solo e interromperam processos ecológicos essenciais, ressaltando a necessidade de estratégias eficazes de restauração ecológica. Terminalia argentea, uma espécie pioneira do Cerrado, tem demonstrado potencial para a recuperação de áreas degradadas e para facilitar a recolonização por artrópodes. Os artrópodes são sensíveis às mudanças ambientais e, portanto, são reconhecidos como bioindicadores. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a recuperação de uma área degradada por meio da análise de índices ecológicos de insetos e aranhas, suas interações e a biomassa de mudas de T. argentea durante um período de dois anos de cultivo em campo. Mudas com maior biomassa (ex.: mais folhas/galho) apresentaram maior abundância e riqueza de formigas cuidadoras. Durante o primeiro ano após o plantio, as folhas das mudas de T. argentea apresentaram maior número de insetos mastigadores (ex.: Cerotoma sp.) e seus índices ecológicos (ex.: diversidade), aranhas (ex.: Oxyopidae) e sua riqueza de espécies, abelhas (ex.: Trigona spinipes) e sua abundância, e formigas cuidadoras (ex.: Brachymyrmex sp.) e sua diversidade e riqueza de espécies. Em contraste, as mudas no segundo ano após o plantio apresentaram maior número de insetos sugadores de seiva (ex.: Aphis spiraecola), sua formiga cuidadora Camponotus sp. e seus predadores da família Dolichopodidae. Mudas com maior número de insetos sugadores de seiva (ex.: Phenacocus sp.) também apresentaram maior número de formigas cuidadoras (ex.: Camponotus sp.). Contudo, o aumento de formigas cuidadoras (ex.: Ectatomma sp.) foi associado à redução de predadores (ex.: Photinus sp.) e insetos mastigadores (ex.: Lamprosoma sp.). A presença de aranhas (ex.: Araneidae) correlacionou-se com um maior número de insetos mastigadores (ex.: Cephalocoema sp.), enquanto Mantis religiosa e Polybia sp. foram mais comuns em mudas com maiores percentuais de desfolha, e Syrphus sp. foi associado a Bemisia sp.. Esses resultados indicam que as interações tróficas, mediadas por mecanismos ascendentes e descendentes, estruturam a comunidade de artrópodes em T. argentea, promovendo a coexistência de grupos funcionais e aprimorando os índices ecológicos. Estudos futuros envolvendo a exclusão de predadores e análises químicas foliares serão essenciais para aprofundar esse entendimento.