Journal Article

Can we generate shellcodes via natural language? An empirical study

Natella, Roberto, Shaikh, Samira, Liguori, Pietro, Cukic, Bojan, Al-Hossami, Erfan, Cotroneo, Domenico

2022

Overview

Writing software exploits is an important practice for offensive security analysts to investigate and prevent attacks. In particular, shellcodes are especially time-consuming and a technical challenge, as they are written in assembly language. In this work, we address the task of automatically generating shellcodes, starting purely from descriptions in natural language, by proposing an approach based on Neural Machine Translation (NMT). We then present an empirical study using a novel dataset ( Shellcode_IA32 ), which consists of 3200 assembly code snippets of real Linux/x86 shellcodes from public databases, annotated using natural language. Moreover, we propose novel metrics to evaluate the accuracy of NMT at generating shellcodes. The empirical analysis shows that NMT can generate assembly code snippets from the natural language with high accuracy and that in many cases can generate entire shellcodes with no errors.

• Publisher: Springer US,Springer Nature B.V
• Subject: Accuracy / Artificial Intelligence / Assembly language / Automation / Computer Science / Datasets / Empirical analysis / Exploitation / Linux / Machine translation / Natural language / Performance evaluation / Software engineering / Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems