Journal Article

Identification of a Flexible Fixed-Wing Aircraft Using Different Artificial Neural Network Structures

Moura, Éder Alves de, Fernandes, Vitor Paixão, Silva, Roberto Gil Annes da, Nascimento, Rodrigo Costa do, Paula, Thiago Rosado de, Góes, Luiz Carlos Sandoval

2026

Overview

This work proposes an analysis of the capability of three deep learning models—the feedforward neural network (FFNN), long short-term memory (LSTM) network, and physics-informed neural network (PINN)—to identify the parameters of a flexible fixed-wing aircraft using in-flight data. These neural networks, composed of multiple hidden layers, are evaluated for their ability to perform system identification and to capture the nonlinear and dynamic behavior of the aircraft. The FNN and LSTM models are compared to assess the impact of temporal dependency learning on parameter estimation, while the PINN integrates prior knowledge of the system’s governing of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to enhance physical consistency in the identification process. The objective is to exploit the generalization capability of neural network-based models while preserving the accurate estimation of the physical parameters that characterize the analyzed system. The neural networks are evaluated for their ability to perform system identification and capture the nonlinear behavior of the aircraft. The results show that the FFNN achieved the best overall performance, with average Theil’s inequality coefficient (TIC) values of 0.162 during training and 0.386 during testing, efficiently modeling the input-output relationships but tending to fit high-frequency measurement noise. The LSTM network demonstrated superior noise robustness due to its temporal filtering capability, producing smoother predictions with average TIC values of 0.398 (training) and 0.408 (testing), albeit with some amplitude underestimation. The PINN, while successfully integrating physical constraints through pretraining with target aerodynamic derivatives, showed more complex convergence, with average TIC values of 0.243 (training) and 0.475 (testing), and its estimated aerodynamic coefficients differed significantly from the conventional values. All three architectures effectively captured the coupled rigid-body and flexible dynamics when trained with distributed wing sensor data, demonstrating that neural network-based approaches can model aeroelastic phenomena without requiring explicit high-fidelity flexible-body models. This study provides a comparative framework for selecting appropriate neural network architectures based on the specific requirements of aircraft system identification tasks.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Accuracy / Aerodynamic coefficients / Aerodynamics / Aircraft / Aircraft configurations / Airplanes / Analysis / Artificial neural networks / Deep learning / Differential equations / Fixed wings / Flexibility / Flexible bodies / flexible wing aircraft / Frequency measurement / Machine learning / Neural networks / Neurosciences / Noise measurement / Ordinary differential equations / Parameter estimation / Parameter identification / Physical properties / physics-informed neural network / System identification / Training / Wings