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Apis mellifera welfare: definition and future directions
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Apis mellifera welfare: definition and future directions
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Journal Article
Apis mellifera welfare: definition and future directions
2024
Overview
Poor welfare can exist also in animals that appear healthy and productive, and its negative outcomes become evident only when coping mechanisms fail, leading to issues like illness, lack of productivity, infertility, and behavioral anomalies (Bottaccioli and Rulli, 2014;Fraser, 2008;Moberg, 1985;Sandfoss et al., 2020;Yeates, 2024). Since the beginning of the 21st century, ensuring good levels of animal welfare has shown to improve production outcomes, maintain healthy animals, and reduce intervention costs (Fernandes et al., 2021), while enhancing the living conditions of animals, humans, and the environment in various aspects, including social, health, economic, behavioral, and mental domains (Bayvel, 2004;Beausoleil and Mellor, 2015;Browning, 2022). 1.1 Apis mellifera welfare definition: current state and development The concept of welfare has been explored through various lenses, primarily focusing on either the subjective experiences and consciousness (Experience Welfare) or on the physical health, biological functioning, and the ability of animals to perform natural behaviors (Functional Welfare) (Birch, 2022;Mellor, 2016). [...]the welfare of insects in captivity encompasses a complex array of issues, like stress, loss of individual choice, suffering, pain and sentience (Boppré and Vane-Wright, 2019). Even in the absence of conclusive evidence of sentience, the precautionary principle and the Terrestrial Animal Code (WOAH, 2013), along with the Animal Welfare Act, grant welfare considerations to all animals (Birch, 2017;Knutsson and Munthe, 2017;Lundmark et al., 2013). [...]animal welfare assessments should be carried out also in the beekeeping sector and the methods used can be supported by established Good Beekeeping Practices and Biosecurity Measures and can benefit from comprehensive data and insights from surveys, studies, beekeeper experiences, and in-hive monitoring (Precision Beekeeping).
