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Journal Article
Mind the gap! addressing gender inequality in physical activities among older adults in China and India
2025
Overview
Background
Physical activity is a key determinant of healthy aging, playing a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases, maintaining mobility, and enhancing the quality of life among older adults. However, significant gender disparities in physical activity levels exist, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like China and India, where cultural norms, socio-economic conditions, and gender roles often restrict women’s participation in physical activities. These disparities are especially concerning in older populations, where women may face compounded barriers due to lifelong inequalities, caregiving responsibilities, and limited access to resources. This study examines gender inequality in physical activity among older adults in China and India, two of the world’s most populous countries with rapidly aging populations.
Methods
Data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and the 2017–2019 Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) were analysed. We conducted descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, logistic regression, and dominance analysis to examine gender differences and associated factors in physical activities, applying appropriate sampling weights using Stata 17.
Results
The results reveal significant differences in elderly populations between China and India. In India, 56.5% of the elderly have no education, compared to 29.2% in China. Additionally, 30.8% are employed, whereas in China, the corresponding figure is 13.3%. Health metrics indicate that 82.8% of elderly Indians report good health, compared to 70.8% in China. Vigorous physical activity decreases with age; 34.5% of Chinese men aged 60–69 participate, dropping to 8.5% at age 80+. Gender disparities are also evident, with 27.2% of Chinese males and 25% of Indian males engaging in vigorous activities, compared to 19.4% and 12.1% of females, respectively. In China, place of residence is the most dominant factor for vigorous activity among males (43.8%) and females (40.5%). In India, current employment status is the strongest predictor of vigorous activity, with dominance scores of 73.4% for males and 78.3% for females. Age and health status also play significant roles, but with varying importance across genders and countries.
Conclusion
The study highlights the need for targeted, gender-sensitive interventions, including community-based programs and public health campaigns, to promote physical activity among older women. By addressing these disparities, China and India can improve the health outcomes of their aging populations and contribute to more equitable public health strategies. The research underscores the importance of a collaborative approach involving governments, healthcare providers, and community organizations in developing and implementing policies that create inclusive opportunities for physical activity among older adults.
