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Complete submergence triggers synergistic regulation of gibberellin-abscisic acid balance and pith cavity development to promote stem elongation in Alternanthera philoxeroides
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Complete submergence triggers synergistic regulation of gibberellin-abscisic acid balance and pith cavity development to promote stem elongation in Alternanthera philoxeroides
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Complete submergence triggers synergistic regulation of gibberellin-abscisic acid balance and pith cavity development to promote stem elongation in Alternanthera philoxeroides
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Journal Article
Complete submergence triggers synergistic regulation of gibberellin-abscisic acid balance and pith cavity development to promote stem elongation in Alternanthera philoxeroides
2025
Overview
Submergence, a major abiotic stress in hydrologically dynamic ecosystems, poses severe challenges to plant survival and growth. Existing studies have demonstrated that plants employ a suite of adaptive strategies to tolerate submergence. These divergent adaptive responses are endogenously regulated by phytohormones; yet, the underlying mechanisms that connect hormonal regulation, anatomical plasticity, and growth adaptation in the context of submergence remain insufficiently elucidated. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. is widely distributed in disturbed, flood-prone habitats and exhibits exceptional adaptability to hydrological fluctuations, making it a suitable species for exploring submergence stress responses. This study investigated A. philoxeroides’ responses to three hydrological conditions (non-submergence, partial submergence, complete submergence), focusing on stem growth and its anatomical and hormonal regulatory drivers. Results revealed an unexpected growth pattern: complete submergence induced significantly faster stem elongation than partial submergence, with this growth-promoting effect most pronounced in immature stems—particularly the basal parts of immature internodes. This elongation correlated positively with enlarged pith cavities and elevated gibberellin (GA 4 ), while it was significantly negatively correlated with abscisic acid (ABA). GA 4 content and pith cavity area were also highly positively correlated. These findings unravel a critical adaptation mechanism in A. philoxeroides : coordinated hormonal adjustments (GA 4 up, ABA down, higher GA 4 /ABA) and morphological remodeling (pith cavity enlargement) that synergistically support enhanced growth under severe submergence. This work advances understanding of plant adaptive strategies under climate-driven hydrological stress, enriches insights into abiotic stress response mechanisms, and provides valuable references for wetland ecosystem conservation and the improvement of crop submergence tolerance.
