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A Comparison Study of Chemical Compositions and Sources of PM1.0 and PM2.5 in Hanoi
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A Comparison Study of Chemical Compositions and Sources of PM1.0 and PM2.5 in Hanoi
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Journal Article
A Comparison Study of Chemical Compositions and Sources of PM1.0 and PM2.5 in Hanoi
2021
Overview
We simultaneously collected 85 pairs of 24-h PM1.0 and PM
2.5
samples from a new urban area in Hanoi, Vietnam, and analyzed their chemical compositions with particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and ion chromatography (IC) to obtain input data for source apportionment via positive matrix factorization (PMF). Sulfate, ammonium, and black carbon (BC) composed the majority of the mass in both size fractions, and the PMF models clearly differentiated the contribution of long-range transport (LRT) aerosols, which accounted for more than two-thirds of the measured PM-bound sulfate and ammonium concentrations, from those of the six
in situ
sources, viz., resuspended road dust, primary vehicular emissions, coal fly ash, biomass burning emissions, construction dust, and sea salt. Whereas LRT aerosols, coal fly ash, and primary particulate vehicular emissions mainly occurred in the PM
1.0
, resuspended road dust and biomass-burning fly ash tended to appear in the PM
1.0–2.5
; hence, we can characterize the anthropogenic emissions in this area by examining the profile of the PM
1.0
rather than the PM
2.5
. Additionally, air masses with inland trajectories originating in northern China and countries northwest and southwest of Vietnam contained more ammonium, sulfate, and BC than those that passed over the East Sea. Finally, the LRT aerosols exhibited high acidity in the PM
1.0
but neutrality in the PM
2.5
.
