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Journal Article
The enigmatic archaeal virosphere
2017
Overview
Key Points
Crenarchaeal viruses display a remarkable diversity of unexpected, complex morphologies and have genomes with largely unique content.
The known viruses of extremely halophilic and methanogenic archaea include some morphologies of crenarchaeal viruses and all known morphologies of bacterial dsDNA viruses.
Archaeal viruses display many unique features that have thus far not been observed elsewhere in nature, including A-form DNA in viral particles, virion envelopes containing lipids in a horseshoe conformation and special gateway structures for virion release.
Certain aspects of the virus–host interaction in archaea, such as release of enveloped virions by budding, resemble mechanisms that are employed by eukaryotic enveloped viruses.
Archaeal viruses have a major role in the ocean sediments by killing their hosts, which results in the release of ∼0.3 to 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon per year globally.
Comparative genomics analyses revealed close evolutionary relationships between archaeal viruses and capsidless mobile genetic elements.
One of the most prominent features of archaea is the extraordinary diversity of their viruses. In this Review, Prangishvili
et al
. summarize their morphological diversity, the molecular biology of their life cycles and virus–host interactions, and discuss their evolution and their role in the global virosphere.
One of the most prominent features of archaea is the extraordinary diversity of their DNA viruses. Many archaeal viruses differ substantially in morphology from bacterial and eukaryotic viruses and represent unique virus families. The distinct nature of archaeal viruses also extends to the gene composition and architectures of their genomes and the properties of the proteins that they encode. Environmental research has revealed prominent roles of archaeal viruses in influencing microbial communities in ocean ecosystems, and recent metagenomic studies have uncovered new groups of archaeal viruses that infect extremophiles and mesophiles in diverse habitats. In this Review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the genomic and morphological diversity of archaeal viruses and the molecular biology of their life cycles and virus–host interactions, including interactions with archaeal CRISPR–Cas systems. We also examine the potential origins and evolution of archaeal viruses and discuss their place in the global virosphere.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ Archaea
/ Archaeal Viruses - physiology
/ CRISPR
/ DNA
/ Genetics
/ Genomes
/ Microbiology and Parasitology
/ Virology
/ Viruses
