Journal Article

Coastal Polynyas Enable Transitions Between High and Low West Antarctic Ice Shelf Melt Rates

Thompson, Andrew F., Wilson, Earle A., Moorman, Ruth

2023

Overview

Melt rates of West Antarctic ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea track large decadal variations in the volume of warm water at their outlets. This variability is generally attributed to wind‐driven variations in warm water transport toward ice shelves. Inspired by conceptual representations of the global overturning circulation, we introduce a simple model for the evolution of the thermocline, which caps the warm water layer at the ice‐shelf front. This model demonstrates that interannual variations in coastal polynya buoyancy forcing can generate large decadal‐scale thermocline depth variations, even when the supply of warm water from the shelf‐break is fixed. The modeled variability involves transitions between bistable high and low melt regimes, enabled by feedbacks between basal melt rates and ice front stratification strength. Our simple model captures observed variations in near‐coast thermocline depth and stratification strength, and poses an alternative mechanism for warm water volume changes to wind‐driven theories. Plain Language Summary Ice loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet contributes significantly to current and projected rates of global sea‐level rise. The ice sheet is primarily losing mass via glaciers that flow from the Antarctic continent into the Amundsen Sea, where floating ice shelves are exposed to much warmer ocean waters than elsewhere around Antarctica. In this work we present a simplified mathematical model for the volume of warm water at Amundsen Sea ice shelf fronts that reproduces observed patterns of warm water variability. The modeled variability relies on interactions between ice shelf melt and coastal polynyas, regions where enhanced wintertime sea‐ice production can trigger mixing that diverts heat carried by warm waters away from the ice shelf and into the atmosphere. Higher melt rates inhibit polynya convection, allowing more warm water into the ice shelf cavity and reinforcing a high melt state, whilst lower melt rates facilitate polynya convection, diverting heat away from the ice shelf and reinforcing a low melt state. Interannual variations in polynya sea‐ice production trigger shifts between these reinforcing states. Our results promote the importance of coastal processes in explaining observed variations in Amundsen Sea ice shelf melt, which have previously been attributed to remote wind patterns. Key Points Rates of ocean‐driven Amundsen Sea ice shelf melt respond to variations in warm water transport to the coast and modification at the coast A simple Amundsen Sea continental shelf overturning model, based on water mass transformation, reveals bistable high and low melt regimes Feedbacks between glacial melt and polynya convection are central to the bistability and produce variability consistent with observations

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,Wiley
• Subject: Ablation / Amundsen Sea / Annual variations / Antarctic ice sheet / Antarctic ice shelves / Atmospheric convection / basal melting / Coastal processes / Coastal zone / Convection / decadal variability / Decadal variations / Dotson ice shelf / Floating ice / Glaciation / Glacier flow / Glaciers / Ice / Ice front / Ice fronts / Ice sheets / ice shelf / Ice shelves / Interannual variations / Land ice / Long-term changes / Mathematical models / Mixed layer depth / Modelling / polynya / Polynyas / Sea ice / Sea ice variations / Stratification / Thermocline / Thermocline depth / Tidal fronts / Variability / Variation / Volume transport / Warm water / Water / Water depth / Water temperature / Water transport / Wind