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Earthworm activity and availability for meadow birds is restricted in intensively managed grasslands
by
Wymenga, Eddy
, Onrust, Jeroen
, Olff, Han
, Piersma, Theunis
in
agricultural grasslands
/ agricultural intensification
/ Air temperature
/ Animal breeding
/ Aporrectodea
/ Aporrectodea caliginosa
/ Availability
/ Birds
/ Breeding
/ Conservation
/ dairy farming
/ Desiccation
/ detritivores
/ Detritus
/ earthworms
/ ecohydrology
/ Food availability
/ Foreign languages
/ Grassland management
/ Grasslands
/ Groundwater
/ Groundwater levels
/ Humidity
/ Injection
/ Lumbricus rubellus
/ manure spreading
/ Manures
/ meadow birds
/ Meadows
/ Moisture profiles
/ Moisture resistance
/ Moisture tension
/ Netherlands
/ Northern European region
/ Oligochaeta
/ Penetration resistance
/ Prey
/ Relative humidity
/ RESEARCH ARTICLE
/ Slurries
/ soil desiccation
/ Soil layers
/ Soil moisture
/ soil penetration resistance
/ Soil profiles
/ Soil resistance
/ Soil surfaces
/ Soil temperature
/ Soil treatment
/ soil water
/ spatial distribution
/ spring
/ Surfacing
/ Topsoil
/ Vertical distribution
/ water content
/ Water table
/ Weather stations
2019
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Earthworm activity and availability for meadow birds is restricted in intensively managed grasslands
by
Wymenga, Eddy
, Onrust, Jeroen
, Olff, Han
, Piersma, Theunis
in
agricultural grasslands
/ agricultural intensification
/ Air temperature
/ Animal breeding
/ Aporrectodea
/ Aporrectodea caliginosa
/ Availability
/ Birds
/ Breeding
/ Conservation
/ dairy farming
/ Desiccation
/ detritivores
/ Detritus
/ earthworms
/ ecohydrology
/ Food availability
/ Foreign languages
/ Grassland management
/ Grasslands
/ Groundwater
/ Groundwater levels
/ Humidity
/ Injection
/ Lumbricus rubellus
/ manure spreading
/ Manures
/ meadow birds
/ Meadows
/ Moisture profiles
/ Moisture resistance
/ Moisture tension
/ Netherlands
/ Northern European region
/ Oligochaeta
/ Penetration resistance
/ Prey
/ Relative humidity
/ RESEARCH ARTICLE
/ Slurries
/ soil desiccation
/ Soil layers
/ Soil moisture
/ soil penetration resistance
/ Soil profiles
/ Soil resistance
/ Soil surfaces
/ Soil temperature
/ Soil treatment
/ soil water
/ spatial distribution
/ spring
/ Surfacing
/ Topsoil
/ Vertical distribution
/ water content
/ Water table
/ Weather stations
2019
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Earthworm activity and availability for meadow birds is restricted in intensively managed grasslands
by
Wymenga, Eddy
, Onrust, Jeroen
, Olff, Han
, Piersma, Theunis
in
agricultural grasslands
/ agricultural intensification
/ Air temperature
/ Animal breeding
/ Aporrectodea
/ Aporrectodea caliginosa
/ Availability
/ Birds
/ Breeding
/ Conservation
/ dairy farming
/ Desiccation
/ detritivores
/ Detritus
/ earthworms
/ ecohydrology
/ Food availability
/ Foreign languages
/ Grassland management
/ Grasslands
/ Groundwater
/ Groundwater levels
/ Humidity
/ Injection
/ Lumbricus rubellus
/ manure spreading
/ Manures
/ meadow birds
/ Meadows
/ Moisture profiles
/ Moisture resistance
/ Moisture tension
/ Netherlands
/ Northern European region
/ Oligochaeta
/ Penetration resistance
/ Prey
/ Relative humidity
/ RESEARCH ARTICLE
/ Slurries
/ soil desiccation
/ Soil layers
/ Soil moisture
/ soil penetration resistance
/ Soil profiles
/ Soil resistance
/ Soil surfaces
/ Soil temperature
/ Soil treatment
/ soil water
/ spatial distribution
/ spring
/ Surfacing
/ Topsoil
/ Vertical distribution
/ water content
/ Water table
/ Weather stations
2019
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Earthworm activity and availability for meadow birds is restricted in intensively managed grasslands
Journal Article
Earthworm activity and availability for meadow birds is restricted in intensively managed grasslands
2019
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Overview
Earthworms are an important prey for the endangered meadow birds of northwest Europe. Although intensive grassland management with high manure inputs generally promotes earthworm abundance, it may reduce the effective food availability for meadow birds through desiccation of the topsoil, which causes earthworms to remain deeper in the soil.
We studied the response of Red Worm Lumbricus rubellus, a detritivore, and Grey Worm Aporrectodea caliginosa, a geophage, to soil moisture profiles in the field and under experimental conditions. Surfacing earthworms were counted weekly in eight intensively managed grasslands (treated with high inputs of slurry by slit injection) with variable groundwater tables in the Netherlands. At each count, soil penetration resistance, soil moisture tension and groundwater level were measured, while air temperature and humidity were obtained from a nearby weather station. The response to variation in the vertical distribution of soil moisture was also experimentally studied in the two earthworm species.
In the field, earthworms’ surfacing activity at night was negatively associated with soil moisture tension and positively by relative air humidity. Surprisingly, there was no effect of groundwater level; an important management variable in meadow bird conservation. Under experimental conditions, both L. rubellus and A. caliginosa moved to deeper soil layers (>20 cm) in drier soil moisture treatments, avoiding the upper layer when moisture levels dropped below 30%.
Synthesis and applications. We propose that in intensively managed grasslands with slurry application, topsoil desiccation reduces earthworm availability for meadow birds. This can be counteracted by keeping soil moisture tensions of the top soil above −15 kPa. We suggest that the late raising of groundwater tables in spring and the disturbance of the soil by slit injection of slurry increase topsoil desiccation. This decreases earthworm availability when it matters most for breeding meadow birds. Meadow bird conservation will benefit from revised manure application strategies that promote earthworm activity near or at the soil surface.
Foreign Language Samenvatting
Regenwormen zijn een belangrijke prooi voor weidevogels in Noordwest‐Europa. Hoewel intensief landgebruik met een hoge mestgift over het algemeen resulteert in hoge dichtheden aan regenwormen, zou het wellicht de beschikbaarheid voor weidevogels kunnen verlagen doordat de toplaag van de bodem sneller uitdroogt waardoor regenwormen dieper in de grond blijven.
We onderzochten de response van de Rode Worm Lumbricus rubellus, een detritus‐eter, en van de Grijze Worm Aporrectodea caliginosa, een bodem‐eter, op verschillende bodemvochtcondities in het veld in graslanden die gebruikt worden in de melkveehouderij en in het lab onder gecontroleerde omstandigheden. In Zuidwest‐Friesland werden in het voorjaar van 2015 op acht graslanden met hetzelfde intensieve beheer (bemesting d.m.v. drijfmestinjectie) en bodemtype, maar met verschillende grondwaterpeilen, wekelijks oppervlakte‐actieve regenwormen geteld. Bij elke telling werd ook bodemdoordringbaarheid, bodemvochtspanning en grondwaterpeil gemeten. Meteorologische data werd verzameld bij een weerstation in de buurt. In het lab werd gekeken naar de verticale distributie van de twee soorten regenwormen bij verschillende bodemvocht omstandigheden.
De oppervlakte‐activiteit van regenwormen wordt bepaald door hoge luchtvochtigheid en lage bodemvochtspanning. Verrassend genoeg vonden we geen effect van grondwaterpeil op regenwormen activiteit. Beide soorten regenwormen gaan dieper de bodem in wanneer het bodemvochtgehalte in te toplaag onder de 30% zakt.
Synthese en toepassingen. In intensief beheerd grasland dat bemest wordt door middel van drijfmestinjectie, neemt de beschikbaarheid van regenwormen voor weidevogels af door uitdroging van de toplaag van de bodem. Dit kan worden voorkomen door de toplaag vochtig te houden met een vochtspanning hoger dan ‐15kPa. Omdat we geen effect van grondwaterpeil vonden, denken we dat in deze graslanden het te laat omhoog brengen van het grondwaterpeil in het voorjaar en het gebruik van mestinjectie het uitdrogen van de bodemtoplaag heeft versterkt. Weidevogelbeheer zou dus gebaat zijn bij een andere vorm bemesting dat regenwormen activiteit aan of vlakbij het bodemoppervlak promoot.
We propose that in intensively managed grasslands with slurry application, topsoil desiccation reduces earthworm availability for meadow birds. This can be counteracted by keeping soil moisture tensions of the top soil above −15 kPa. We suggest that the late raising of groundwater tables in spring and the disturbance of the soil by slit injection of slurry increase topsoil desiccation. This decreases earthworm availability when it matters most for breeding meadow birds. Meadow bird conservation will benefit from revised manure application strategies that promote earthworm activity near or at the soil surface.
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