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Conserving Himalayan birds in highly seasonal forested and agricultural landscapes
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Conserving Himalayan birds in highly seasonal forested and agricultural landscapes
Conserving Himalayan birds in highly seasonal forested and agricultural landscapes
Journal Article

Conserving Himalayan birds in highly seasonal forested and agricultural landscapes

2018
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Overview
The Himalayas are a global biodiversity hotspot threatened by widespread agriculture and pasture expansion. To determine the impact of these threats on biodiversity and toformulate appropriate conservation strategies, we surveyed birds along elevational gradients in primary forest and in human-dominated lands spanning a gradient of habitat alteration, including forest-agriculture mosaics, mixed agriculture mosaics, and pasture. We surveyed birds during the breeding season and in winter to account for pronounced seasonal migrations. Bird abundance and richness in forest-agriculture and mixed agriculture mosaics were equal to or greater than in primary forest and greater than in pasture at local and landscape scales during both seasons. Pasture had greater abundance and richness of birds in winter than primary forest, but richness was greater in primary forest at the landscape scale during the breeding season. All 4 land-use types held unique species, suggesting that all must be retained in the landscape to conserve the entire avifauna. Our results suggest forest-agriculture and mixed agriculture mosaics are particularly important for sustaining Himalayan bird communities during winter and primary forests are vital for sustaining Himalayan bird communities during the breeding season. Further conversion of forest-agriculture and mixed agriculture mosaics to pasture would likely result in significant biodiversity losses that would disproportionately affect breeding species. To ensure comprehensive conservation, strategies in the western Himalayas must balance the protection of intact primary forest with the minimization of pasture expansion. La cordillera del Himalaya es un punto caliente de biodiversidad que está amenazado por la agricultura extensiva y la expansión de las pasturas. Para determinar el impacto de estas amenazas sobre la biodiversidad y para formular estrategias de conservación apropiadas, realizamos un censo de aves a lo largo del gradiente de elevación en bosques primarios y en tierras dominadas por humanos que abarcan un gradiente de alteración de habitat, incluyendo los mosaicos de agricultura forestal, los mosaicos de agricultura mixta, y las pasturas. Censamos a las aves durante la temporada de reproducción y durante el invierno para explicar la migración estacional pronunciada. La riqueza y abundancia de aves en los terrenos agrícolas y forestales y en los mosaicos de agricultura mixta fueron iguales o mayores que en los bosques primarios, y mayores que en las pasturas a escala local y de paisaje durante ambas temporadas. Durante el invierno las pasturas tuvieron mayor abundancia y riqueza de aves que los bosques primarios, pero la riqueza fue mayor en los bosques primarios a escala de paisaje durante la temporada de reproducción. Los cuatros tipos de uso de suelo albergaron a especies únicas, lo que sugiere que todas deben ser retenidas dentro del paisaje para conservar a toda la avifauna. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la agricultura forestal y los mosaicos de agricultura mixta son particularmente importantes para mantener a las comunidades de aves del Himalaya durante el invierno y los bosques primarios son vitales para mantener a estas comunidades durante la época reproductiva. Una mayor conversión de la agricultura forestal y los mosaicos de agricultura mixta a pasturas probablemente resultaría en pérdidas significativas de biodiversidad que podrían afectar desproporcionadamente a las especies en reproducción. Para asegurar una conservación completa, las estrategias en el oeste del Himalaya deben balancear a la protección del bosque primario intacto con la reducción de la expansión de las pasturas. 喜马拉雅山脉是全球生物多祥性保护热点地区,但受到农业和牧场大規模扩张的威胁。为了确定这些威 胁对生物多祥性的影响,并制定合适的保护策略,我们沿海拔梯度,对原始林和人类利用的土地间的一系列生境 包括森林农业镶嵌区、混合农业镶嵌区和牧场中的鸟类进行了调查。考虑到鸟类明显的季节性迁徒,我们分别 在繁殖期和冬季进行了调查。在这两个季节中,森林-农业镶嵌区和混合农业镶嵌区局部水平和景观尺度上的鸟 类丰度和丰富度等于或髙于原始林中的情况,同时都高于牧场的水平。在冬季牧场的鸟类丰度和丰富度比原始 林高,但在繁殖季,原始林景观尺度上的丰富度更高。这四种土地利用类型的生境中都有特有种,这意味着要保 护整个鸟类动物群就应在景观中把各种生境都保留下来。我们的结果表明, 森林-农业镶嵌区和混合农业镶嵌区 对于在冬季維持喜马拉雅的鸟类群落尤为重要,而原始林则在繁殖季十分重要。将森林-农业镶嵌区和混合农业 镶嵌区进ー步转化为牧场很可能导致严重的生物多样性丧失,而且对繁殖的物种影响更大。为了进行全面的保 护,西喜马拉雅地区的保护策略必须在原始林的完整保护和最小化牧场扩张间找到平衡。

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