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Effects of howler monkey reintroduction on ecological interactions and processes
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Effects of howler monkey reintroduction on ecological interactions and processes
Effects of howler monkey reintroduction on ecological interactions and processes
Journal Article

Effects of howler monkey reintroduction on ecological interactions and processes

2019
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Overview
Rewilding has been an increasingly popular tool to restore plant–animal interactions and ecological processes impaired by defaunation. However, the reestablishment of such processes has seldom been assessed. We investigated the restoration of ecological interactions following the reintroduction of the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) to a defaunated Atlantic forest site. We expected the reintroduction to restore plant–animal interactions and interactions between howlers and dung beetles, which promote secondary seed dispersal. We estimated the number of interactions expected to be restored by the reintroduction to provide the baseline interaction richness that could be restored. We followed the reintroduced howler monkeys twice a week for 24 months (337 hours total) to assess their diet. We used howler monkey dung in secondary seed dispersal experiments with 2484 seed mimics to estimate the removal rates by dung beetles and collected the beetles to assess community attributes. We compared the potential future contribution of howler monkeys and other frugivores to seed dispersal based on the seed sizes they disperse in other areas where they occur. In 2 years, howler monkeys consumed 60 animal-dispersed plant species out of the 330 estimated. Twenty-one dung beetle species were attracted to experimentally provided dung; most of them were tunnelers, nocturnal, and large-sized (>10 mm). On average 30% (range 0–100%) of the large seed mimics (14 mm) were moved by dung beetles. About 91% of the species consumed by howlers (size range 0.3–34.3 mm) overlapped in seed size with those removed by dung beetles. In our study area, howler monkeys may consume more large-seeded fruit species than most other frugivores, highlighting their potential to affect forest regeneration. Our results show reintroductions may effectively restore ecological links and enhance ecological processes. El resalvajamiento cada vez crece más como una herramienta popular para restaurar las interacciones entre animales y plantas, así como los procesos ecológicos perjudicados por la pérdida de fauna. Sin embargo, el restablecimiento de dichos procesos ha sido poco evaluado. Investigamos la restauración de las interacciones ecológicas después de la reintroducción del mono aulladorpardo (Alouatta guariba) a un sitiode bosque atlántico con pérdida de fauna. Nuestras expectativas planteaban que la reintroducción restauraría las interacciones planta–animal y las interacciones entre los monos y los escarabajos peloteros, la cual promueve la dispersión secundaria de semillas. Estimamos que el número de interacciones que se esperaba fueran restauradas proporcionaría la línea base para la riqueza de interacciones que podría ser restaurada. Seguimos a los monos aulladores reintroducidos dos veces por semana durante 24 meses (227 horas en total) para evaluar su dieta. Usamos las excretas de los monos en experimentos de dispersión secundariade semillas con 2484 imitaciones de semilla para estimar las tasas de extracción por parte de los escarabajos peloteros y luego los colectamos para evaluar los atributos de la comunidad. Comparamos la potencial contribución futura de los monos aulladores y otros frugívoros para la dispersión de semillas con base en el tamaño de las semillas que dispersan en otras áreas en donde están presentes. En dos años los monos aulladores consumieron 60 especies de plantas dispersadas por animales de las 330 estimadas. Veintiún especies de escarabajos peloteros fueron atraídos por las excretas proporcionadas experimentalmente; la mayoría de ellas eran excavadoras de túneles, nocturnas, y grandes (>10 mm). En promedio, el 30% (rango 0 – 100%) de las imitaciones de semillas grandes (14 mm) fueron movidas por los escarabajos peloteros. Aproximadamente el 91% de las especies consumidas por los monos aulladores (rango del tamaño 0.3 – 34.3 mm) se traslaparon en cuanto a tamaño de la semilla con aquellas removidas por los escarabajos peloteros. Con base en nuestras estimaciones para el área de estudio, los monos aulladores consumieron más frutos con semillas grandes que la mayoría de los frugívoros, lo que resalta su potencial para afectar la regeneración del bosque. Nuestros resultados muestran que las reintroducciones pueden restaurar efectivamente las conexiones ecológicas y mejorar los procesos ecológicos.

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