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Autocrine TGF-β in Cancer: Review of the Literature and Caveats in Experimental Analysis
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Autocrine TGF-β in Cancer: Review of the Literature and Caveats in Experimental Analysis
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Journal Article
Autocrine TGF-β in Cancer: Review of the Literature and Caveats in Experimental Analysis
2021
Overview
Autocrine signaling is defined as the production and secretion of an extracellular mediator by a cell followed by the binding of that mediator to receptors on the same cell to initiate signaling. Autocrine stimulation often operates in autocrine loops, a type of interaction, in which a cell produces a mediator, for which it has receptors, that upon activation promotes expression of the same mediator, allowing the cell to repeatedly autostimulate itself (positive feedback) or balance its expression via regulation of a second factor that provides negative feedback. Autocrine signaling loops with positive or negative feedback are an important feature in cancer, where they enable context-dependent cell signaling in the regulation of growth, survival, and cell motility. A growth factor that is intimately involved in tumor development and progression and often produced by the cancer cells in an autocrine manner is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). This review surveys the many observations of autocrine TGF-β signaling in tumor biology, including data from cell culture and animal models as well as from patients. We also provide the reader with a critical discussion on the various experimental approaches employed to identify and prove the involvement of autocrine TGF-β in a given cellular response.
Publisher
MDPI AG,MDPI
Subject
/ Autocrine Communication - drug effects
/ Autocrine Communication - physiology
/ Biomedical Research - methods
/ Biomedical Research - standards
/ Feedback, Physiological - drug effects
/ Feedback, Physiological - physiology
/ Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
/ Humans
/ Kinases
/ Ligands
/ Motility
/ Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta - genetics
/ Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta - metabolism
/ Review
/ Transforming Growth Factor beta - pharmacology
/ Transforming Growth Factor beta - physiology
/ Tumors
