Journal Article

Integrating Nutrition, Inflammation, and Immunity: The CALLY Index as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker in Acute Geriatric Care

Mancinetti, Francesca, Croce, Michele Francesco, Mecocci, Patrizia, Serra, Rocco, Guazzarini, Anna Giulia, Boccardi, Virginia, Gaspari, Martina

2025

Overview

Background/Objectives: Malnutrition, systemic inflammation, and immune dysfunction are key determinants of adverse outcomes in older adults following acute illness. Composite biomarkers integrating these domains could enhance early risk stratification. This study investigates, for the first time in acute geriatric care, the prognostic value of the C-reactive protein–albumin–lymphocyte (CALLY) index—a composite marker of nutritional, inflammatory, and immune status—in predicting short-term survival. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 264 patients admitted to the acute geriatrics ward of Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital in Perugia. The CALLY index was calculated as: (Albumin × Lymphocytes)/(CRP × 104). The optimal prognostic cut-off was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Three-month survival was assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results: The cohort included 167 women (63.3%) and 97 men (36.7%), with a mean age of 88.0 ± 6.4 years. At 3-month follow-up, 80 patients (30.3%) had died. The CALLY index showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.647 (95% CI: 0.576–0.718; p < 0.001), with a cut-off of 0.055 (sensitivity: 68.5%, specificity: 46.3%). Among deceased patients, 42.5% had a CALLY index <0.055. After multivariable adjustment, a lower CALLY index remained independently associated with increased mortality (B = −0.805; OR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.215–0.930; p = 0.031). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated significantly higher survival in patients with a CALLY index ≥ 0.055 (Log-rank test: 13.71; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The CALLY index shows a modest but statistically significant discriminative ability for predicting short-term mortality in acutely ill older adults. As a simple, low-cost marker derived from routine laboratory tests, it holds potential for integration into clinical workflows to guide nutritional, metabolic, and prognostic management strategies in geriatric acute care.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Activities of daily living / Acute Disease - mortality / Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Albumin / Biomarkers / Biomarkers - blood / C-reactive protein / C-Reactive Protein - analysis / C-Reactive Protein - metabolism / Female / Geriatric Assessment - methods / Health aspects / Hospital patients / Humans / Immunity (Disease) / Inflammation / Inflammation - blood / Inflammation - diagnosis / Kaplan-Meier Estimate / Lymphocytes / Male / Malnutrition - diagnosis / Mortality / Nutrition Assessment / Nutritional Status / Prognosis / Retrospective Studies / ROC Curve / Serum Albumin - analysis / Stroke / Taiwan