Journal Article

A Novel Framework for Stratified-Coupled BLS Tree Trunk Detection and DBH Estimation in Forests (BSTDF) Using Deep Learning and Optimization Adaptive Algorithm

Qiu, Hanqing, Zhang, Huacong, Liu, Ren, Yu, Longhua, Xu, Keqin, Li, Yueqiao, Wang, Linlong, Zhang, Huaiqing

2023

Overview

Diameter at breast height (DBH) is a critical metric for quantifying forest resources, and obtaining accurate, efficient measurements of DBH is crucial for effective forest management and inventory. A backpack LiDAR system (BLS) can provide high-resolution representations of forest trunk structures, making it a promising tool for DBH measurement. However, in practical applications, deep learning-based tree trunk detection and DBH estimation using BLS still faces numerous challenges, such as complex forest BLS data, low proportions of target point clouds leading to imbalanced class segmentation accuracy in deep learning models, and low fitting accuracy and robustness of trunk point cloud DBH methods. To address these issues, this study proposed a novel framework for BLS stratified-coupled tree trunk detection and DBH estimation in forests (BSTDF). This framework employed a stratified coupling approach to create a tree trunk detection deep learning dataset, introduced a weighted cross-entropy focal-loss function module (WCF) and a cosine annealing cyclic learning strategy (CACL) to enhance the WCF-CACL-RandLA-Net model for extracting trunk point clouds, and applied a (least squares adaptive random sample consensus) LSA-RANSAC cylindrical fitting method for DBH estimation. The findings reveal that the dataset based on the stratified-coupled approach effectively reduces the amount of data for deep learning tree trunk detection. To compare the accuracy of BSTDF, synchronous control experiments were conducted using the RandLA-Net model and the RANSAC algorithm. To benchmark the accuracy of BSTDF, we conducted synchronized control experiments utilizing a variety of mainstream tree trunk detection models and DBH fitting methodologies. Especially when juxtaposed with the RandLA-Net model, the WCF-CACL-RandLA-Net model employed by BSTDF demonstrated a 6% increase in trunk segmentation accuracy and a 3% improvement in the F1 score with the same training sample volume. This effectively mitigated class imbalance issues encountered during the segmentation process. Simultaneously, when compared to RANSAC, the LSA-RANCAC method adopted by BSTDF reduced the RMSE by 1.08 cm and boosted R2 by 14%, effectively tackling the inadequacies of RANSAC’s filling. The optimal acquisition distance for BLS data is 20 m, at which BSTDF’s overall tree trunk detection rate (ER) reaches 90.03%, with DBH estimation precision indicating an RMSE of 4.41 cm and R2 of 0.87. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of BSTDF in forest DBH estimation, offering a more efficient solution for forest resource monitoring and quantification, and possessing immense potential to replace field forest measurements.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Accuracy / Adaptive algorithms / Adaptive sampling / Algorithms / BLS / BSTDF / data collection / Datasets / DBH / Deep learning / Diameters / Efficiency / Entropy (Information theory) / Forest management / Forest resources / Forestry / Forests / Identification and classification / Image segmentation / inventories / LAS-RANSAC / Lasers / Lidar / Localization / Machine learning / Optical radar / Optimization / Remote sensing / Scanners / Stems (Botany) / Technology application / Three dimensional models / tree and stand measurements / tree trunk / tree trunk detection / Trees / Trigonometric functions / WCF-CACL-RandLA-Net