Journal Article

Prospective multifactorial analysis of preseason risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers

Tajika, Tsuyoshi, Takagishi, Kenji, Shitara, Hitoshi, Iizuka, Haku, Kobayashi, Tsutomu, Ichinose, Tsuyoshi, Osawa, Toshihisa, Shimoyama, Daisuke, Yamamoto, Atsushi

2017

Overview

Purpose To prospectively identify preseason physical factors for shoulder and elbow injuries during the season in high school baseball pitchers. Methods The study included 105 high school baseball pitchers [median age 16 (15–17) years]. The range of motion of the shoulder (90° abducted external and internal rotation) and elbow (extension/flexion), shoulder muscle strength (abduction and prone internal and external rotation), shoulder and elbow laxity, horizontal flexion, and scapular dyskinesis were assessed. After the season, the participants completed questionnaires regarding shoulder and/or elbow injuries, with injury defined as an inability to play for ≥1 week due to elbow/shoulder problems. The results of two groups (injured and noninjured) were compared using t tests and Chi-square analyses. Stepwise forward logistic regression models were developed to identify risk factors. Results Twenty-one injuries were observed. In univariate analysis, 90° abducted internal rotation and total arc of the dominant shoulder and the ratio of prone external rotation in the dominant to nondominant sides in the injured group were significantly less than those in the noninjured group ( P  = 0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively). In logistic regression analysis, 90° abducted internal rotation in the dominant shoulder and prone external rotation ratio were significantly associated with injuries ( P  = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusion A low prone external rotation ratio and decreased 90° abducted internal rotation in the dominant shoulder in the preseason were significant risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers. The results may contribute to reduce the incidence of these injuries. Level of evidence II.

• Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg,John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Subject: Adolescent / Arm Injuries - epidemiology / Baseball / Baseball - injuries / Elbow / Elbow (anatomy) / Elbow - injuries / Elbow Joint - injuries / Health risks / High school baseball / Humans / Injuries / Injury analysis / Injury prevention / Male / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Movement / Multivariate Analysis / Muscle strength / Muscle Strength - physiology / Muscle, Skeletal / Orthopedics / Physical factors / Prospective Studies / Range of Motion, Articular - physiology / Regression analysis / Regression models / Risk analysis / Risk Factors / Rotation / Scapula / Schools / Secondary schools / Shoulder / Shoulder - physiology / Shoulder Injuries - epidemiology / Shoulder Joint - injuries / Sports injuries / Sports Medicine