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Metal-Associated Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Induces Cognitive Dysfunction: Polygonum multiflorum Improves Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Function
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Metal-Associated Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Induces Cognitive Dysfunction: Polygonum multiflorum Improves Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Function
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Journal Article
Metal-Associated Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Induces Cognitive Dysfunction: Polygonum multiflorum Improves Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Function
2025
Overview
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which contains heavy metals such as Al, Fe, Mg, and Mn, among others, induces cognitive dysfunction through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and impaired mitochondria. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of a 40% ethanol extract of Polygonum multiflorum (EPM) on PM2.5-induced cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model. Behavioral assessments demonstrated attenuated learning and memory impairment following EPM treatment. Redox homeostasis was restored through increased expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in the EPM group. Mitochondrial function was attenuated, as indicated by recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels. EPM inhibited neuroinflammation by downregulating the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway and maintaining blood–brain barrier integrity through the upregulation of tight junction proteins. It modulated neuronal apoptosis through the JNK pathway, reducing the accumulation of amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau. Synaptic plasticity was preserved through upregulation of BDNF/TrkB signaling and cholinergic neurotransmission via regulation of acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). To standardize EPM, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the presence of the bioactive compound, tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG). These findings suggest that EPM may be a promising functional food candidate for mitigating PM2.5-related cognitive impairments.
Publisher
MDPI AG,Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Subject
/ Aging
/ Animals
/ Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
/ Choline
/ Cognitive Dysfunction - chemically induced
/ Cognitive Dysfunction - drug therapy
/ Cognitive Dysfunction - etiology
/ Cognitive Dysfunction - metabolism
/ Enzymes
/ Fallopia multiflora - chemistry
/ High performance liquid chromatography
/ Kinases
/ Male
/ Memory
/ Mice
/ Neuroinflammatory Diseases - chemically induced
/ Neuroinflammatory Diseases - drug therapy
/ Neuroinflammatory Diseases - metabolism
/ Neuronal Plasticity - drug effects
/ Neurons
/ Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology
/ Oxidative Stress - drug effects
/ Particulate Matter - adverse effects
/ Particulate Matter - toxicity
/ Plant Extracts - pharmacology
/ Proteins
/ Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism
