Journal Article

Multi-Domain CoP Feature Analysis of Functional Mobility for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Wearable Pressure Insoles

Yi, Myunggi, Malekroodi, Hadi Sedigh, Lee, Byeong-il, Nanayakkara, Thathsara, Herath, H. M. K. K. M. B., Madusanka, Nuwan

2025

Overview

Parkinson’s disease (PD) impairs balance and gait through neuromotor dysfunction, yet conventional assessments often overlook subtle postural deficits during dynamic tasks. This study evaluated the diagnostic utility of center-of-pressure (CoP) features captured by pressure-sensing insoles during the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Using 39 PD and 38 control participants from the recently released open-access WearGait-PD dataset, the authors extracted 144 CoP features spanning positional, dynamic, frequency, and stochastic domains, including per-foot averages and asymmetry indices. Two scenarios were analyzed: the complete TUG and its 3 m walking segment. Model development followed a fixed protocol with a single participant-level 80/20 split; sequential forward selection with five-fold cross-validation optimized the number of features within the training set. Five classifiers were evaluated: SVM-RBF, logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), and Gaussian naïve Bayes (NB). LR performed best on the held-out test set (accuracy = 0.875, precision = 1.000, recall = 0.750, F1 = 0.857, ROC-AUC = 0.921) using a 23-feature subset. RF and SVM-RBF each achieved 0.812 accuracy. In contrast, applying the identical pipeline to the 3 m walking segment yielded lower performance (best model: k-NN, accuracy = 0.688, F1 = 0.615, ROC–AUC = 0.734), indicating that the multi-phase TUG task captures PD-related balance deficits more effectively than straight walking. All four feature families contributed to classification performance. Dynamic and frequency-domain descriptors, often appearing in both average and asymmetry form, were most consistently selected. These features provided robust magnitude indicators and offered complementary insights into reduced control complexity in PD.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Aged / Analysis / Balance / Bayes Theorem / Biomechanics / center of pressure (CoP) / Diseases / Female / Gait / Gait - physiology / Humans / Laboratories / machine learning / Male / Middle Aged / Mobility / Parkinson Disease - diagnosis / Parkinson Disease - physiopathology / Parkinson's disease / Parkinson’s disease (PD) / Police / Postural Balance - physiology / Posture / Pressure / Pressure distribution / Sensors / smart insoles / South Korea / Support Vector Machine / Taiwan / Timed Up and Go (TUG) test / Velocity / Walking - physiology / Wearable Electronic Devices