Journal Article

Sharpness matters: Higher image resolution improves generalization and explainability in chest X-ray classification

Zech, John R., Kulkarni, Aditya V., Yi, Paul H.

2026

Overview

Deep learning (DL) chest radiograph (CXR) models are often trained on downsampled images to reduce computational overhead, despite clinical workflows operating at high resolution. Previous studies have investigated the impact of input resolution on CXR classification accuracy, yet two fundamental pillars of safe and trustworthy AI, explainability and generalizability, remain underexplored. In this retrospective study, we evaluated how training image resolution affects CXR classification performance and explanation quality in internal versus external testing. We trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for disease classification on the SIIM-ACR Pneumothorax and RSNA Pneumonia datasets at six resolutions (ranging from 64 64 to 1024 1024) using five-fold cross-validation and evaluated models on internal and external test sets. Internal performance was high across resolutions (AUROC >0.85), but external testing showed substantially worse generalizability at lower training resolutions, with internal-to-external drops >20% versus 4.2%-10.7% at higher resolutions (512 512 to 1024 1024). Higher resolutions also produced more concise explanations, with the tightest saliency-map coverage at 1024 1024 (<4%) across models and datasets, and improved explanation quality on external data (peak precision plateauing at 768 768 for pneumothorax). Overall, training at higher CXR resolutions improved both generalizability and explainability, providing practical guidance for radiology AI design beyond internal test performance.

• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
• Subject: 631/114 / 639/705 / 692/308 / 692/699 / 692/700 / Age / Annotations / Chest / Classification / Convolutional Neural Networks / Convolutional neural networks (CNN ) / Datasets / Deep Learning / Disease / Explainable AI / Humanities and Social Sciences / Humans / Image processing / Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods / Localization / Machine learning / Medical imaging / multidisciplinary / Neural networks / Neural Networks, Computer / Pneumonia / Pneumonia - diagnostic imaging / Pneumothorax / Pneumothorax - diagnostic imaging / Radiography, Thoracic - methods / Radiology / Retrospective Studies / Science / Science (multidisciplinary)