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Fish Welfare in the Ornamental Trade: Stress Factors, Legislation, and Emerging Initiatives
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Fish Welfare in the Ornamental Trade: Stress Factors, Legislation, and Emerging Initiatives
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Journal Article
Fish Welfare in the Ornamental Trade: Stress Factors, Legislation, and Emerging Initiatives
2025
Overview
The ornamental fish trade involves multiple phases, from acquisition—whether through wild capture or aquaculture—to the final destination, often including long transport routes. Throughout this trade, fish encounter several stressors like handling, improper maintenance methods, high or inadequate stocking densities, poor water quality, and mechanical disturbances during transport. The varying levels of care provided by aquarists also influence the long-term welfare of these animals, with many fish being treated more as ornaments rather than sentient beings. Worsening these issues, there is a lack of scientifically grounded guidance for hobbyists and caregivers, important gaps in legislation concerning fish welfare, and limited oversight in the ornamental trade. Nevertheless, some international organizations and grassroots projects have been working to promote responsible practices and disseminate educational resources. However, the need for efficient welfare standards, legislation, and comprehensive information for all stakeholders involved in this sector remains critical. Here, we synthesize the problems in the ornamental fish trade and suggest some solutions to reduce the impacts of management practices on the welfare of these fish.
