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Ultrasound Evaluation of Upper Facial Muscles to Guide Botulinum Toxin Application
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Ultrasound Evaluation of Upper Facial Muscles to Guide Botulinum Toxin Application
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Journal Article
Ultrasound Evaluation of Upper Facial Muscles to Guide Botulinum Toxin Application
2025
Overview
Background: Botulinum toxin injection is one of the most common esthetic procedures, yet complications may occur due to anatomical variability or suboptimal injection technique. This study aimed to evaluate the upper facial muscles using ultrasound, focusing on inter- and intraindividual variability. Methods: The study involved volunteers aged 21–40 years, excluding those with prior facial treatments, trauma, or muscle disorders. The muscles examined included the occipitofrontalis (frontal belly), procerus, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi. Muscle thickness and distance from the epidermis were measured using high-frequency ultrasound. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, correlation with age and BMI, sex comparisons, and symmetry assessment. Results: A total of 127 participants (103 women and 24 men) were enrolled, with a mean age of 28.8 ± 4.4 years. Age showed no significant correlation with muscle thickness or depth, supporting the internal consistency of the studied age group. BMI showed moderate correlations with the depth of the selected forehead muscles. Males showed greater thickness in the frontal and procerus muscles. Relative side-to-side asymmetry coefficients reached 40% for both thickness and depth, indicating notable individual laterality. Conclusions: The study provides normative ultrasound parameters for the upper facial muscle in healthy adults. The results demonstrate significant anatomical variability depending on sex, BMI, and facial laterality, supporting individualized ultrasound-guided approaches for botulinum toxin injection.
Publisher
MDPI AG
Subject
/ Age
/ Botulinum Toxins - administration & dosage
/ Botulinum Toxins, Type A - administration & dosage
/ Facial Muscles - anatomy & histology
/ Facial Muscles - diagnostic imaging
/ Facial Muscles - drug effects
/ Female
/ Forehead
/ Humans
/ intra- and interindividual variability
/ Male
/ Males
/ Muscles
/ Neuromuscular Agents - administration & dosage
/ Sex
/ Skewness
/ Toxins
