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Global patterns and trends in human-wildlife conflict compensation
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Global patterns and trends in human-wildlife conflict compensation
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Global patterns and trends in human-wildlife conflict compensation
Global patterns and trends in human-wildlife conflict compensation
Journal Article

Global patterns and trends in human-wildlife conflict compensation

2017
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Overview
Human-wildlife conflict is a major conservation challenge, and compensation for wildlife damage is a widely used economic tool to mitigate this conflict. The effectiveness of this management tool is widely debated. The relative importance of factors associated with compensation success is unclear, and little is known about global geographic or taxonomic differences in the application of compensation programs. We reviewed research on wildlife-damage compensation to determine geographic and taxonomic gaps, analyze patterns of positive and negative comments related to compensation, and assess the relative magnitude of global compensation payments. We analyzed 288 publications referencing wildlife compensation and identified 138 unique compensation programs. These publications reported US$222 million (adjusted for inflation) spent on compensation in 50 countries since 1980. Europeans published the most articles, and compensation funding was highest in Europe, where depredation by wolves and bears was the most frequently compensated damage. Authors of the publications we reviewed made twice as many negative comments as positive comments about compensation. Three-quarters of the negative comments related to program administration. Conversely, three-quarters of the positive comments related to program outcomes. The 3 most common suggestions to improve compensation programs included requiring claimants to employ damageprevention practices, such as improving livestock husbandry orfencing of crops to receive compensation (n = 25, 15%); modifying ex post compensation schemes to some form of outcome-based performance payment (n = 21, 12%); and altering programs to make compensation payments more quickly (n = 14, 8%). We suggest that further understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of compensation as a conflict-mitigation tool will require more systematic evaluation of the factors driving these opinions and that differentiating process and outcomes and understanding linkages between them will result in more fruitful analyses and ultimately more effective conflict mitigation. El conflicto humano – fauna silvestre es un enorme reto para la conservación, y la compensación del daño hecho a la fauna es una herramienta única utilizada ampliamente para mitigar este conflicto. La efectividad de esta herramienta de manejo se debate ampliamente. La importancia relativa de los factores asociados con el éxito de la compensación no es clara y se sabe poco sobre las diferencias geográficas o taxonómicas en la aplicación de los programas de compensación. Revisamos las investigaciones sobre la compensación del daño a la fauna para determinar los vacíos geográficos y taxonómicos, analizar los patrones de los comentarios positivos y negativos relacionados con la compensación, y valorar la magnitud relativa de los pagos de compensación global. Analizamos 288 publicaciones con referencias a la compensación de fauna e identificamos 138 programas únicos de compensación. Estas publicaciones reportaron USD $222 millones (ajustados a la inflación) gastados en la compensación en 50 países desde 1980. Los europeos publicaron la mayoría de los artículos, y el financiamiento de la compensación fue más alto en Europa, en donde la depredación por lobos y osos fue el daño compensado con mayor frecuencia. Tres-cuartos de los comentarios negativos se relacionaron con la administración del programa. Al contrario, tres-cuartos de los comentarios positivos se relacionaron con los resultados de los programas. Las tres sugerencias más comunes para mejorar los programas de compensación incluyeron requerir que los solicitantes emplearan prácticas de prevención del daño, como la mejora de la crianza de ganado o la colocación de cercas alrededor de cultivos para recibir compensación (n = 25, 15%); modificar los esquemas post-modificación anteriores en alguna forma de pago de desempeño basado en el resultado (n = 21, 12%); y alterar los programas para realizar pagos de compensación de forma más rápida (n = 14, 8%). Sugerimos que el futuro entendimiento de las fortalezas y debilidades de la compensación como herramienta en la mitigación del conflicto requerirá evaluaciones más sistemáticas de los factores que conducen a estas opiniones y que diferenciar los procesos y resultados y entender las conexiones entre ellos resultará en análisis más fructíferos, y finalmente una mitigación de conflictos más efectiva.