Journal Article

Detection of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Brewer, Joseph, Hooper, Dennis, Madison, Roberta, Straus, David, Thrasher, Jack

2013

Overview

Over the past 20 years, exposure to mycotoxin producing mold has been recognized as a significant health risk. Scientific literature has demonstrated mycotoxins as possible causes of human disease in water-damaged buildings (WDB). This study was conducted to determine if selected mycotoxins could be identified in human urine from patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Patients (n = 112) with a prior diagnosis of CFS were evaluated for mold exposure and the presence of mycotoxins in their urine. Urine was tested for aflatoxins (AT), ochratoxin A (OTA) and macrocyclic trichothecenes (MT) using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Urine specimens from 104 of 112 patients (93%) were positive for at least one mycotoxin (one in the equivocal range). Almost 30% of the cases had more than one mycotoxin present. OTA was the most prevalent mycotoxin detected (83%) with MT as the next most common (44%). Exposure histories indicated current and/or past exposure to WDB in over 90% of cases. Environmental testing was performed in the WDB from a subset of these patients. This testing revealed the presence of potentially mycotoxin producing mold species and mycotoxins in the environment of the WDB. Prior testing in a healthy control population with no history of exposure to a WDB or moldy environment (n = 55) by the same laboratory, utilizing the same methods, revealed no positive cases at the limits of detection.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,MDPI
• Subject: Adolescent / Adult / Aflatoxins / Aflatoxins - metabolism / Aflatoxins - toxicity / Aflatoxins - urine / Aged / Chronic fatigue syndrome / Construction Materials - microbiology / Environmental Illness - chemically induced / Environmental Illness - metabolism / Environmental Illness - urine / Environmental Microbiology / Environmental testing / Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Exposure / Family Health / Fatigue / Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic - chemically induced / Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic - metabolism / Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic - urine / Female / Follow-Up Studies / Fungi - growth & development / Fungi - isolation & purification / Fungi - metabolism / Health risks / Humans / Immunoassays / Limit of Detection / Male / Middle Aged / Mitochondria - drug effects / Mitochondria - metabolism / Mold / mold exposure / mycotoxin / Mycotoxins / Mycotoxins - metabolism / Mycotoxins - toxicity / Mycotoxins - urine / Ochratoxin A / Ochratoxins - metabolism / Ochratoxins - toxicity / Ochratoxins - urine / Stachybotrys / Trichothecenes - metabolism / Trichothecenes - toxicity / Trichothecenes - urine / Urine / Young Adult