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Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations
Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations
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Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations
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Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations
Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations

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Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations
Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations
Journal Article

Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations

2016
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Overview
The use of conservation translocations to mitigate human effects on biodiversity is increasing, but how these efforts are allocated remains unclear. Based on a comprehensive literature review and online author survey, we sought to determine the goals of translocation efforts, whether they focus on species and regions with high threat and likelihood of perceived success, and how success might be improved. We systematically searched the ISI Web of Knowledge and Academic Search Complete databases to determine the species and regions of conservation translocations and found 1863 articles on conservation translocations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean published from 1974 to 2013. We questioned 330 relevant authors to determine the motivation for translocations, how translocations were evaluated, and obstacles encountered. Conservation translocations in North America were geographically widespread (in 21 countries), increased in frequency over time for all animal classes (from 1 in 1974 to 84 in 2013), and included 279 different species. Reintroductions and reinforcements were more common in the United States than in Canada and Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean, and their prevalence was correlated with the number of species at risk at national and state or provincial levels. Translocated species had a higher threat status at state and provincial levels than globally (International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categorization), suggesting that translocations may have been motivated by regional priorities rather than global risk. Our survey of authors was consistent with these results; most translocations were requested, supported, or funded by government agencies and downlisting species at national or state or provincial levels was the main goal Nonetheless, downlisting was the least reported measure of success, whereas survival and reproduction of translocated individuals were the most reported. Reported barriers to success included biological factors such as animal mortality and nonbiological factors, such as financial constraints, which were less often considered in the selection of release sites. Our review thus highlights discrepancies between project goals and evaluation criteria and between risk factors considered and obstacles encountered, indicating room to further optimize translocation projects. El uso de las translocaciones para conservación y mitigar los efectos humanos sobre la biodiversidad está incrementando, pero aún no es claro cómo se asignan estos esfuerzos. Con base en una revisión integral de literatura y una encuesta de autor en línea buscamos determinar los objetivos de los esfuerzos de translocación, ya sea que se enfoquen en especies y regiones con una amenaza mayor y una probabilidad de éxito percibido y cómo el éxito puede mejorarse. Buscamos sistemáticamente las bases de datos completas de la Red de Conocimiento y Búsqueda Académica ISIpara determinar las especies y regiones de las translocaciones para conservación y encontramos 1,863 artículos sobre translocaciones para conservación en los Estados Unidos, Canadá, México, América Central y el Caribe, publicados entre 1974 y 2013 · Consultamos a 330 autores relevantes para determinar los motivos de las translocaciones, cómo fueron evaluadas y los obstáculos a los que se enfrentaron. Las translocaciones para conservación en América del Norte estaban dispersas geográficamente (en 21 países), incrementaron su frecuencia con el tiempo para todas las clases animales (de una en 1974 a 84 en 2013) e incluyeron a 279 especies diferentes. Las reintroducciones y los refuerzos fueron más comunes en los Estados Unidos que en Canadá, México, América Central o el Caribe, y su prevalencia estuvo correlacionada con el número de especies en riesgo a nivel nacional, estatal o provincial. Las especies reubicadas tenían un mayor estado de amenaza a nivel estatal y provincial que a nivel global (categorías de la Lista Roja de la Unión Internación para la Conservación de la Naturaleza), lo que sugiere que las reubicaciones podrían haber estado motivadas por prioridades regionales en lugar del riesgo global. Nuestra encuesta a los autores fue consistente con estos resultados ya que la mayoría de las reubicaciones fueron solicitadas, apoyadas o financiadas por agencias del gobierno y bajar la categoría de la especie a nivel nacional, estatal o provincial era el objetivo principal. Sin embargo, bajar la categoría fue la medida de éxito menos reportada. Los obstáculos para el éxito reportados incluyeron factores biológicos, como la mortalidad animal, y factores no biológicos, como las restricciones financieras, que fueron menos considerados en la selección de los sitios de liberación. Nuestra revisión resalta así las discrepancias entre los objetivos del proyecto y los criterios de evaluación y entre los factores de riesgo considerados y los obstáculos enfrentados, lo que indica que existe espacio para optimizar aún más los proyectos de reubicación.