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Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density
Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density
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Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density
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Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density
Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density

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Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density
Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density
Journal Article

Hexafluorophosphate additive enables durable seawater oxidation at ampere-level current density

2025
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Overview
Direct seawater electrolysis at ampere-level current densities, powered by coastal/offshore renewables, is an attractive avenue for sustainable hydrogen production but is undermined by chloride-induced anode degradation. Here we demonstrate the use of hexafluorophosphate (PF₆⁻) as an electrolyte additive to overcome this limitation, achieving prolonged operation for over 5,000 hours at 1 A cm −2 and 2300 hours at 2 A cm −2 using NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) as anode. Together with the experimental findings, PF₆⁻ can intercalate into LDH interlayers and adsorb onto the electrode surface under an applied electric field, blocking Cl⁻ and stabilizing Fe to prevent segregation. The constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations further reveal the accumulation of high surface concentrations of PF 6 − on the electrode surface that can effectively exclude Cl − , mitigating corrosion. Our work showcases synchronous interlayer and surface engineering by single non-oxygen anion species to enable Cl − rejection and marks a crucial step forward in seawater electrolysis. Seawater electrolysis at ampere-level current densities demands durable anodes for practical hydrogen production. Here, the authors report that a single non-oxygen anion enables dual modulation of surface and interlayer structures, stabilizing layered double hydroxide anodes for over 5,000 hours.