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Autoimmune and Rheumatic Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review
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Autoimmune and Rheumatic Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review
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Journal Article
Autoimmune and Rheumatic Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review
2021
Overview
Background: Numerous cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations have been reported. Despite the available reviews that summarized its autoimmune/rheumatic manifestations, a systematic approach is still lacking. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review in order to give an overview upon these rare but clinically significant manifestations. Methods: We performed a literature search of PubMed and EMBASE as of October 9, 2020. All articles relevant to either systemic or organ-specific autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations potentially associated with COVID-19 were collected. The reviewed literature were limited to adults ≥18 years. Results: Although most of the existing evidence was based on case reports or case series without a long-term follow-up, a variety of autoimmune/rheumatic manifestations were associated with COVID-19. The manifestations that have a consistent association with COVID-19 include autoimmune cytopenia, cutaneous vasculitis, encephalitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Such association is conflicting as regards to antiphospholipid syndrome, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and myasthenia gravis. Conclusion: Our systematic review indicated the potential of the COVID-19 virus to trigger a myriad of autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations, which should be considered amid global efforts to combat COVID-19.
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA,Frontiers Media S.A
Subject
/ Adult
/ Aged
/ Antigens
/ Autoimmune Diseases - diagnosis
/ Autoimmune Diseases - epidemiology
/ Autoimmune Diseases - immunology
/ Child
/ COVID-19
/ Enzymes
/ Female
/ Humans
/ Male
/ Peptides
/ Proteins
/ Rheumatic Diseases - diagnosis
/ Rheumatic Diseases - epidemiology
/ Rheumatic Diseases - immunology
/ Rheumatic Diseases - virology
