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A ventral pallidum-locus coeruleus-lateral hypothalamus pathway modulates brain arousal in freely behaving and isoflurane-anesthetized male mice
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A ventral pallidum-locus coeruleus-lateral hypothalamus pathway modulates brain arousal in freely behaving and isoflurane-anesthetized male mice
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A ventral pallidum-locus coeruleus-lateral hypothalamus pathway modulates brain arousal in freely behaving and isoflurane-anesthetized male mice
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Journal Article
A ventral pallidum-locus coeruleus-lateral hypothalamus pathway modulates brain arousal in freely behaving and isoflurane-anesthetized male mice
2025
Overview
Much progress has been made in the understanding of the neural circuits associated with sleep and anesthesia. As an important component among these circuits, the forebrain nuclei have been frequently interrogated. This study demonstrates that glutamatergic (Glu) neurons in the ventral pallidum (VP) enhance activity upon salient stimuli and state-dependently modulate brain arousal and motor activity in freely behaving male mice, and bidirectionally regulate the induction of and emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia. We delineate a neural pathway, consisting of VP Glu neurons→ noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC)→the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in male mice, controlling the release of noradrenaline in the LH and state-dependently modulated brain arousal, motor activity, and isoflurane general anesthesia through α2a receptors in the LH. Therefore, the VP
Glu
-LC
NA
-LH pathway and α2a receptors in the LH may be promising state-dependent regulators of brain arousal in both freely behaving and anesthetized states.
Arousal-modulating neural circuitry remains enigmatic. Here, authors show that the pathway, glutamatergic ventral pallidal neuron→locus coeruleus noradrenergic neuron→the lateral hypothalamus, controls arousal in awake and anesthetized states.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
Subject
/ 14/63
/ 64/60
/ 9/26
/ 9/74
/ Adrenergic Neurons - drug effects
/ Adrenergic Neurons - metabolism
/ Adrenergic Neurons - physiology
/ Anesthetics, Inhalation - pharmacology
/ Animals
/ Arousal
/ Basal Forebrain - drug effects
/ Basal Forebrain - physiology
/ Brain
/ Circuits
/ Humanities and Social Sciences
/ Hypothalamic Area, Lateral - drug effects
/ Hypothalamic Area, Lateral - physiology
/ Locus Coeruleus - drug effects
/ Locus Coeruleus - physiology
/ Male
/ Males
/ Mice
/ Motor Activity - drug effects
/ Neural Pathways - drug effects
/ Neural Pathways - physiology
/ Neurons
/ Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 - metabolism
/ Science
/ Sleep
