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Structure-Activity Relationships in Alkoxylated Resorcinarenes: Synthesis, Structural Features, and Bacterial Biofilm-Modulating Properties
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Structure-Activity Relationships in Alkoxylated Resorcinarenes: Synthesis, Structural Features, and Bacterial Biofilm-Modulating Properties
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Journal Article
Structure-Activity Relationships in Alkoxylated Resorcinarenes: Synthesis, Structural Features, and Bacterial Biofilm-Modulating Properties
2025
Overview
In this study, a series of novel alkoxylated resorcinarenes were synthesized using secondary and tertiary alcohols under mild catalytic conditions involving iminodiacetic acid. Structural characterization, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, confirmed the successful incorporation of branched alkyl chains and highlighted the influence of substitution patterns on molecular packing. Notably, detailed mass spectrometric analysis revealed that, under specific conditions, the reaction pathway may shift toward the formation of defined oligomeric species with supramolecular characteristics—an observation that adds a new dimension to the synthetic potential of this system. To complement the chemical analysis, selected derivatives were evaluated for biological activity, focusing on bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Using four clinically relevant strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis), we assessed both planktonic proliferation (OD600) and biofilm biomass (crystal violet assay). Compound 2c (2-pentanol derivative) consistently promoted biofilm formation, particularly in S. aureus and B. subtilis, while having limited cytotoxic effects. In contrast, compound 2e and the DMSO control exhibited minimal impact on biofilm development. The results suggest that specific structural features of the alkoxy chains may modulate microbial responses, potentially via membrane stress or quorum sensing interference. This work highlights the dual relevance of alkoxylated resorcinarenes as both supramolecular building blocks and modulators of microbial behavior.
Publisher
MDPI AG,MDPI
Subject
/ Alcohol
/ Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemical synthesis
/ Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry
/ Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology
/ Bacillus subtilis - drug effects
/ Biofilms
/ Biofilms - growth & development
/ Calixarenes - chemical synthesis
/ Escherichia coli - drug effects
/ Hydrogen
/ Phenylalanine - analogs & derivatives
/ Phenylalanine - chemical synthesis
/ Phenylalanine - pharmacology
/ Pseudomonas aeruginosa - drug effects
