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Amoebicidal effect of chlorine dioxide gas against pathogenic Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba polyphaga
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Amoebicidal effect of chlorine dioxide gas against pathogenic Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba polyphaga
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Journal Article
Amoebicidal effect of chlorine dioxide gas against pathogenic Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba polyphaga
2024
Overview
The pathogenic free-living amoebae,
Naegleria fowleri
and
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
, are found in freshwater, soil, and unchlorinated or minimally chlorinated swimming pools.
N. fowleri
and
A. polyphaga
are becoming problematic as water leisure activities and drinking water are sources of infection. Chlorine dioxide (ClO
2
) gas is a potent disinfectant that is relatively harmless to humans at the concentration used for disinfection. In this study, we examined the amoebicidal effects of ClO
2
gas on
N. fowleri
and
A. polyphaga
. These amoebae were exposed to ClO
2
gas from a ready-to-use product (0.36 ppmv/h) for 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Microscopic examination showed that the viability of
N. fowleri
and
A. polyphaga
was effectively inhibited by treatment with ClO
2
gas in a time-dependent manner. The growth of
N. fowleri
and
A. polyphaga
exposed to ClO
2
gas for 36 h was completely inhibited. In both cases, the mRNA levels of their respective
actin
genes were significantly reduced following treatment with ClO
2
gas. ClO
2
gas has an amoebicidal effect on
N. fowleri
and
A. polyphaga
. Therefore, ClO
2
gas has been proposed as an effective agent for the prevention and control of pathogenic free-living amoeba contamination.
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg,Springer,Springer Nature B.V
