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Mitotic spindle orientation predicts outer radial glial cell generation in human neocortex
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Mitotic spindle orientation predicts outer radial glial cell generation in human neocortex
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Journal Article
Mitotic spindle orientation predicts outer radial glial cell generation in human neocortex
2013
Overview
The human neocortex is increased in size and complexity as compared with most other species. Neocortical expansion has recently been attributed to protracted neurogenesis by outer radial glial cells in the outer subventricular zone, a region present in humans but not in rodents. The mechanisms of human outer radial glial cell generation are unknown, but are proposed to involve division of ventricular radial glial cells; neural stem cells present in all developing mammals. Here we show that human ventricular radial glial cells produce outer radial glial cells and seed formation of the outer subventricular zone via horizontal divisions, which occur more frequently in humans than in rodents. We further find that outer radial glial cell mitotic behaviour is cell intrinsic, and that the basal fibre, inherited by outer radial glial cells after ventricular radial glial division, determines cleavage angle. Our results suggest that altered regulation of mitotic spindle orientation increased outer radial glial cell number, and ultimately neuronal number, during human brain evolution.
Human neocortex expansion is partly due to neuronal production by outer radial glial cells. In the developing human cortex, LaMonica
et al
. find that horizontal divisions of ventricular radial glial cells produce outer radial glial cells displaying cell-intrinsic regulation of mitosis and spindle orientation.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
