Journal Article

Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death

Wang, X, Zou, X, Gao, J, Liu, J, Xu, J, Feng, Z, Li, Y, Cao, K, Chen, C, Zheng, Y, Lu, W

2014

Overview

Zeaxanthin (Zea) is a major carotenoid pigment contained in human retina, and its daily supplementation associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration. Despite known property of Zea as an antioxidant, its underlying molecular mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. In this study, we aim to study the regulation mechanism of Zea on phase II detoxification enzymes. In normal human retinal pigment epithelium cells, Zea promoted the nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and induced mRNA and protein expression of phase II enzymes, the induction was suppressed by specific knockdown of Nrf2. Zea also effectively protected against tert -butyl hydroperoxide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Glutathione (GSH) as the most important antioxidant was also induced by Zea through Nrf2 activation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas the protective effects of Zea were decimated by inhibition of GSH synthesis. Finally, Zea activated the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathway, whereas only PI3K/Akt activation correlated with phase II enzymes induction and Zea protection. In further in vivo analyses, Zea showed effects of inducing phase II enzymes and increased GSH content, which contributed to the reduced lipid and protein peroxidation in the retina as well as the liver, heart, and serum of the Sprague–Dawley rats. For the first time, Zea is presented as a phase II enzymes inducer instead of being an antioxidant. By activating Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes, Zea could enhance anti-oxidative capacity and prevent cell death both in vivo and in vitro .

• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK,Springer Nature B.V,Nature Publishing Group
• Subject: 631/45 / 631/80/642/333 / 631/80/82/23 / 631/80/86 / Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Animals / Antibodies / Antioxidants - pharmacology / Apoptosis - drug effects / Biochemistry / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Cell Biology / Cell Culture / Cell death / Cell Line / Cytoprotection / Dose-Response Relationship, Drug / Enzyme Induction / Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases - metabolism / Glutathione - metabolism / Glutathione Peroxidase - biosynthesis / Glutathione Peroxidase - genetics / Glutathione Transferase - biosynthesis / Glutathione Transferase - genetics / Humans / Immunology / Life Sciences / Lipid Peroxidation - drug effects / Liver - drug effects / Liver - enzymology / Male / Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II / Mitochondria - drug effects / Mitochondria - enzymology / Myocardium - enzymology / NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - genetics / NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - metabolism / Original / original-article / Oxidants - pharmacology / Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase - metabolism / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - metabolism / Rats / Rats, Sprague-Dawley / Retinal Pigment Epithelium - drug effects / Retinal Pigment Epithelium - enzymology / Retinal Pigment Epithelium - pathology / RNA Interference / RNA, Messenger - biosynthesis / Superoxide Dismutase - biosynthesis / Superoxide Dismutase - genetics / Time Factors / Transfection / Xanthophylls - pharmacology / Zeaxanthins