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An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize
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Journal Article
An unconventional proanthocyanidin pathway in maize
2023
Overview
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), flavonoid polymers involved in plant defense, are also beneficial to human health and ruminant nutrition. To date, there is little evidence for accumulation of PAs in maize (
Zea mays
), although maize makes anthocyanins and possesses the key enzyme of the PA pathway, anthocyanidin reductase (ANR). Here, we explore whether there is a functional PA biosynthesis pathway in maize using a combination of analytical chemistry and genetic approaches. The endogenous PA biosynthetic machinery in maize preferentially produces the unusual PA precursor (+)-epicatechin, as well as 4
β
-(S-cysteinyl)-catechin, as potential PA starter and extension units. Uncommon procyanidin dimers with (+)-epicatechin as starter unit are also found. Expression of soybean (
Glycine max
) anthocyanidin reductase 1 (ANR1) in maize seeds increases the levels of 4
β
-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin and procyanidin dimers mainly using (-)-epicatechin as starter units. Introducing a
Sorghum bicolor
transcription factor (SbTT2) specifically regulating PA biosynthesis into a maize inbred deficient in anthocyanin biosynthesis activates both anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis pathways, suggesting conservation of the PA regulatory machinery across species. Our data support the divergence of PA biosynthesis across plant species and offer perspectives for future agricultrural applications in maize.
Maize has an unconventional proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthetic pathway which produces rare stereoisomers of PA monomers and dimers, highlighting an opportunity for further improving the nutritional value of maize.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
