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Barriers to appropriate complementary feeding and the use of ultra‐processed foods: A formative qualitative study from rural Oromia, Ethiopia
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Barriers to appropriate complementary feeding and the use of ultra‐processed foods: A formative qualitative study from rural Oromia, Ethiopia
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Barriers to appropriate complementary feeding and the use of ultra‐processed foods: A formative qualitative study from rural Oromia, Ethiopia
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Journal Article
Barriers to appropriate complementary feeding and the use of ultra‐processed foods: A formative qualitative study from rural Oromia, Ethiopia
2024
Overview
Children's consumption of ultra‐processed foods (UPF) is increasing in Ethiopia, but relatively little is known about the specific feeding practices that underlie this pattern. The objective of this study was to explore patterns of consumption of UPF by infants and young children within a broader context of inappropriate complementary feeding practices in extremely poor households in rural Oromia, Eastern Ethiopia. A formative qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interview questionnaires developed drawing on a socioecological model. A total of 16 focus group discussions with mothers (45 respondents), fathers (21 respondents) and grandmothers (23 respondents) of children aged 6–23 months in households that were beneficiaries of the Productive Safety Net Program were conducted, along with four key informant interviews with health workers. Qualitative transcripts were complemented with field notes before qualitative content analysis was applied. The key findings suggest that UPF were widely provided to infants and young children as part of a pattern of suboptimal complementary feeding, including both early and late initiation of complementary foods. In particular, UPF (including juice, biscuits and lipid‐based nutrient supplements) were diluted with or dissolved in water and fed to infants via bottle, often before the recommended age of initiation of 6 months. Mothers and caregivers reported that they perceived the products to be affordably priced and packaged, ready to use and convenient given their time constraints. The level of consumption of UPF and its effects on infant and young child feeding feeding practices and children's nutritional status in rural Ethiopia should be further explored. This qualitative analysis explored patterns of complementary feeding and consumption of ultra‐processed foods by infants and young children in poor rural households that are beneficiaries of the Productive Safety Net Program in Ethiopia. The evidence shows that these foods are often introduced during the period of complementary feeding because mothers and caregivers believe them to be nutritious, convenient (when diluted and provided to infants via bottle) and affordably priced. Key messages A range of inappropriate complementary feeding practices for infants and young children were observed in this sample of extremely poor households in rural Oromia, including both early and late initiation of complementary foods and an overreliance on a liquid diet. The perception that young children should initiate complementary feeding with liquids resulted in the heavy use of ultra‐processed foods (UPF), such as biscuits and packed juice, soft drinks and lipid‐based nutrient supplements; these foods were reported to be dissolved in or diluted with water. Respondents reported that UPF were available for purchase in small and affordable quantities, and also convenient to provide given maternal time constraints. Provision of UPF may increase the risk of gastrointestinal illness due to exposure to unclean water, and may also increase the risk of a nutritionally inadequate diet.
