Journal Article

Age and the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: A cerebrospinal fluid biomarker–based case–control study

Hermann, Peter, Singh-Manoux, Archana, Bouaziz-Amar, Elodie, Alexopoulos, Panagiotis, Engelborghs, Sebastiaan, Zerr, Inga, Diehl-Schmid, Janine, Dumurgier, Julien, Lehmann, Sylvain, Farotti, Lucia, Boada, Mercè, Gabelle, Audrey, Tzourio, Christophe, Orellana, Adelina, Bjerke, Maria, Cognat, Emmanuel, Wallon, David, Lilamand, Matthieu, Sabia, Séverine, Zetterberg, Henrik, Dugravot, Aline, Hugon, Jacques, Laplanche, Jean-Louis, Fayosse, Aurore, Nicolas, Gaël, de Rojas, Itziar, Saddiki, Hana, Salvadori, Nicola, Grimmer, Timo, Paquet, Claire, Parnetti, Lucilla, Blennow, Kaj, Van Broeckhoven, Christine, Hourregue, Claire

2020

Overview

The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and increasing age are two of the most important known risk factors for developing Alzheimer disease (AD). The diagnosis of AD based on clinical symptoms alone is known to have poor specificity; recently developed diagnostic criteria based on biomarkers that reflect underlying AD neuropathology allow better assessment of the strength of the associations of risk factors with AD. Accordingly, we examined the global and age-specific association between APOE genotype and AD by using the A/T/N classification, relying on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of β-amyloid peptide (A, β-amyloid deposition), phosphorylated tau (T, pathologic tau), and total tau (N, neurodegeneration) to identify patients with AD. This case-control study included 1,593 white AD cases (55.4% women; mean age 72.8 [range = 44-96] years) with abnormal values of CSF biomarkers from nine European memory clinics and the American Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. A total of 11,723 dementia-free controls (47.1% women; mean age 65.6 [range = 44-94] years) were drawn from two longitudinal cohort studies (Whitehall II and Three-City), in which incident cases of dementia over the follow-up were excluded from the control population. Odds ratio (OR) and population attributable fraction (PAF) for AD associated with APOE genotypes were determined, overall and by 5-year age categories. In total, 63.4% of patients with AD and 22.6% of population controls carried at least one APOE ε4 allele. Compared with non-ε4 carriers, heterozygous ε4 carriers had a 4.6 (95% confidence interval 4.1-5.2; p < 0.001) and ε4/ε4 homozygotes a 25.4 (20.4-31.2; p < 0.001) higher OR of AD in unadjusted analysis. This association was modified by age (p for interaction < 0.001). The PAF associated with carrying at least one ε4 allele was greatest in the 65-70 age group (69.7%) and weaker before 55 years (14.2%) and after 85 years (22.6%). The protective effect of APOE ε2 allele for AD was unaffected by age. Main study limitations are that analyses were based on white individuals and AD cases were drawn from memory centers, which may not be representative of the general population of patients with AD. In this study, we found that AD diagnosis based on biomarkers was associated with APOE ε4 carrier status, with a higher OR than previously reported from studies based on only clinical AD criteria. This association differs according to age, with the strongest effect at 65-70 years. These findings highlight the need for early interventions for dementia prevention to mitigate the effect of APOE ε4 at the population level.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: a-beta / Adult / Age / Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Aging - cerebrospinal fluid / Aging - genetics / allele / Alzheimer Disease - cerebrospinal fluid / Alzheimer Disease - diagnosis / Alzheimer Disease - genetics / Alzheimer's disease / apoe epsilon-4 / Apolipoprotein E / Apolipoprotein E4 - cerebrospinal fluid / Apolipoprotein E4 - genetics / Apolipoproteins / Biology and Life Sciences / Biomarkers / Biomarkers - cerebrospinal fluid / Case-Control Studies / Cerebrospinal fluid / cholesterol / Classification / Clinical Medicine / cognitive decline / Cohort Studies / csf biomarkers / Dementia / Dementia disorders / Enzymes / Ethics / Female / General & Internal Medicine / Genotype / Genotype & phenotype / Genotypes / Health risk assessment / Humans / Klinisk medicin / level / Male / Medicine and Health Sciences / Memory / Middle Aged / Monoclonal antibodies / national institute / Neurodegeneration / Neurodegenerative diseases / Neuroimaging / Neurosciences / Neurovetenskaper / Peptides / Polymerase chain reaction / Population / prevalence / risk / Tau protein / Values / β-Amyloid