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Heterogeneous sub-continuum ionic transport in statistically isolated graphene nanopores
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Heterogeneous sub-continuum ionic transport in statistically isolated graphene nanopores
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Journal Article
Heterogeneous sub-continuum ionic transport in statistically isolated graphene nanopores
2015
Overview
Isolated sub-2 nm nanopores in graphene exhibit diverse transport behaviours that are reminiscent of biological ion channels and arise from electrostatic and hydration interactions between ions and the pores.
Graphene and other two-dimensional materials offer a new class of ultrathin membranes that can have atomically defined nanopores with diameters approaching those of hydrated ions
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
. These nanopores have the smallest possible pore volumes of any ion channel, which, due to ionic dehydration
8
and electrokinetic effects
9
, places them in a novel transport regime and allows membranes to be created that combine selective ionic transport
10
with ultimate permeance
11
,
12
,
13
and could lead to separations
14
,
15
and sensing
16
applications. However, experimental characterization and understanding of sub-continuum ionic transport in nanopores below 2 nm is limited
17
,
18
. Here we show that isolated sub-2 nm pores in graphene exhibit, in contrast to larger pores, diverse transport behaviours consistent with ion transport over a free-energy barrier arising from ion dehydration and electrostatic interactions. Current–voltage measurements reveal that the conductance of graphene nanopores spans three orders of magnitude
8
and that they display distinct linear, voltage-activated or rectified current–voltage characteristics and different cation-selectivity profiles. In rare cases, rapid, voltage-dependent stochastic switching is observed, consistent with the presence of a dissociable group in the pore vicinity
19
. A modified Nernst–Planck model incorporating ion hydration and electrostatic effects quantitatively matches the observed behaviours.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
