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Mechanisms for establishment of the placental glucocorticoid barrier, a guard for life
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Journal Article
Mechanisms for establishment of the placental glucocorticoid barrier, a guard for life
2019
Overview
The fetus is shielded from the adverse effects of excessive maternal glucocorticoids by 11β-HSD2, an enzyme which is expressed in the syncytial layer of the placental villi and is capable of converting biologically active cortisol into inactive cortisone. Impairment of this placental glucocorticoid barrier is associated with fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and development of chronic diseases in later life. Ontogeny studies show that the expression of 11β-HSD2 is initiated at a very early stage after conception and increases with gestational age but declines around term. The promoter for
HSD11B2,
the gene encoding 11β-HSD2, has a highly GC-rich core. However, the pattern of methylation on
HSD11B2
may have already been set up in the blastocyst when the trophoblast identity is committed. Instead, hCG-initiated signals appear to be responsible for the upsurge of 11β-HSD2 expression during trophoblast syncytialization. By activating the cAMP/PKA pathway, hCG not only alters the modification of histones but also increases the expression of Sp1 which activates the transcription of
HSD11B2.
Adverse conditions such as stress, hypoxia and nutritional restriction can cause IUGR of the fetus. It appears that different causes of IUGR may attenuate
HSD11B2
expression differentially in the placenta. While stress and nutritional restriction may reduce
HSD11B2
expression by increasing its methylation, hypoxia may decrease
HSD11B2
expression via alternative mechanisms rather than by methylation. Herein, we summarize the advances in the study of mechanisms underlying the establishment of the placental glucocorticoid barrier and the attenuation of this barrier by adverse conditions during pregnancy.
Publisher
Springer International Publishing,Springer Nature B.V
Subject
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 - genetics
/ 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 - metabolism
/ Animals
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ cAMP-dependent protein kinase
/ Cortisol
/ Female
/ Fetal Growth Retardation - etiology
/ Fetal Growth Retardation - genetics
/ Fetal Growth Retardation - metabolism
/ fetus
/ Fetuses
/ genes
/ Glucocorticoids - metabolism
/ Histones
/ human chorionic gonadotropin
/ Humans
/ Hypoxia
/ Ontogeny
/ Placenta
/ Review
/ villi
