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Journal Article
What's new in our understanding of the role of adipokines in rheumatic diseases?
2011
Overview
Our understanding of the role of adipokines in inflammation and the immune response has improved markedly in the past decade. These proteins, produced by adipose tissue, form complex networks that contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. In this Review, the authors provide an update on the current state of adipokine research in these diseases, with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Important advances in our understanding of the relationships between adipokines, inflammation and the immune response have been achieved in the past 10 years. White adipose tissue has emerged as a highly dynamic organ that releases a plethora of immune and inflammatory mediators that are involved in numerous diseases, including not only rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, but also cardiovascular and metabolic complications that are frequently observed in rheumatic diseases. Our rapidly growing knowledge of adipokine biology is revealing the complexity of these amazing proteins, thereby redefining white adipose tissue as a key element of the inflammatory and immune response in rheumatic diseases. Adipokines exert potent modulatory actions on target tissues and cells involved in rheumatic disease, including cartilage, synovium, bone and various immune cells. In this Review, we describe the most recent advances in adipokine research in the context of rheumatic diseases, focusing primarily on leptin, adiponectin, visfatin and resistin, and also the potential role of newly identified adipokines such as chemerin, lipocalin 2 and serum amyloid A3.
Key Points
Adipose tissue, through the production of adipokines, is emerging as one of the major drivers of systemic and local inflammation in rheumatic diseases
Adipokines are produced predominantly by adipose tissue, but are also expressed intra-articularly by chondrocytes, synoviocytes and immune cells
Adipokines are emerging as modulators of rheumatic diseases by promoting and perpetuating inflammatory responses
Adipokine levels are associated with radiographic damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Obesity and fat-mass dysfunction, characterized by aberrant adipokine expression, might be considered as one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of osteoarthritis
Therapeutic strategies aimed to counteract dysregulation of proinflammatory adipokine production could be effective in rheumatic diseases
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
