Journal Article

Repairbads: An automatic and adaptive method to repair bad channels and segments for OPM-MEG

Cao, Fuzhi, Wang, Fulong, Gao, Tianyu, Ma, Yujie, Ning, Xiaolin, Tao, Yue, Gao, Yang, Wang, Ruonan, Zhao, Ruochen

2025

Overview

The optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) based magnetoencephalography (MEG) system offers advantages such as flexible layout and wearability. However, the position instability or jitter of OPM sensors can result in bad channels and segments, which significantly impede subsequent preprocessing and analysis. Most common methods directly reject or interpolate to repair these bad channels and segments. Direct rejection leads to data loss, and when the number of sensors is limited, interpolation using neighboring sensors can cause significant signal distortion and cannot repair bad segments present in all channels. Therefore, most existing methods are unsuitable for OPM-MEG systems with fewer channels. We introduce an automatic bad segments and bad channels repair method for OPM-MEG, called Repairbads. This method aims to repair all bad data and reduce signal distortion, especially capable of automatically repairing bad segments present in all channels simultaneously. Repairbads employs Riemannian Potato combined with joint decorrelation to project out artifact components, achieving automatic bad segment repair. Then, an adaptive algorithm is used to segment the signal into relatively stable noise data chunks, and the source-estimate-utilizing noise-discarding algorithm is applied to each chunk to achieve automatic bad channel repair. We compared the performance of Repairbads with the Autoreject method on both simulated and real auditory evoked data, using five evaluation metrics for quantitative assessment. The results demonstrate that Repairbads consistently outperforms across all five metrics. In both simulated and real OPM-MEG data, Repairbads shows better performance than current state-of-the-art methods, reliably repairing bad data with minimal distortion. The automation of this method significantly reduces the burden of manual inspection, promoting the automated processing and clinical application of OPM-MEG. [Display omitted] •Repairbads method automatically repairs bad channels and segments in OPM-MEG data.•Repairbads outperforms state-of-the-art methods, minimizing signal distortion.•This approach reduces manual intervention, promoting automated OPM-MEG processing.

• Publisher: Elsevier Inc,Elsevier Limited,Elsevier
• Subject: Adult / Algorithms / Automatic repair / Automation / Bad segments and bad channels / Brain - physiology / Humans / Magnetoencephalography / Magnetoencephalography (MEG) / Magnetoencephalography - instrumentation / Magnetoencephalography - methods / Magnetoencephalography - standards / Male / Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPM) / Preprocessing / Sensors / Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted