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Reconstructing the post-glacial spread of the sand fly Phlebotomus mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe
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Reconstructing the post-glacial spread of the sand fly Phlebotomus mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe
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Reconstructing the post-glacial spread of the sand fly Phlebotomus mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe
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Journal Article
Reconstructing the post-glacial spread of the sand fly Phlebotomus mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe
2023
Overview
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are the principal vectors of
Leishmania
spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). In Central Europe,
Phlebotomus mascittii
is the predominant species, but largely understudied. To better understand factors driving its current distribution, we infer patterns of genetic diversity by testing for signals of population expansion based on two mitochondrial genes and model current and past climate and habitat suitability for seven post-glacial maximum periods, taking 19 climatic variables into account. Consequently, we elucidate their connections by environmental-geographical network analysis. Most analyzed populations share a main haplotype tracing back to a single glacial maximum refuge area on the Mediterranean coasts of South France, which is supported by network analysis. The rapid range expansion of
Ph. mascittii
likely started in the early mid-Holocene epoch until today and its spread possibly followed two routes. The first one was through northern France to Germany and then Belgium, and the second across the Ligurian coast through present-day Slovenia to Austria, toward the northern Balkans. Here we present a combined approach to reveal glacial refugia and post-glacial spread of
Ph. mascittii
and observed discrepancies between the modelled and the current known distribution might reveal yet overlooked populations and potential further spread.
An integrated approach using phylogeographic data, climate modelling, and network analysis unlocks insights into the post-glacial expansion of the sand fly
Phlebotomus mascittii
in Europe and suggests two potential (parallel) dispersal routes.
