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Effects of Private-Land Use, Livestock Management, and Human Tolerance on Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance of Large African Mammals
Effects of Private-Land Use, Livestock Management, and Human Tolerance on Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance of Large African Mammals
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Effects of Private-Land Use, Livestock Management, and Human Tolerance on Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance of Large African Mammals
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Effects of Private-Land Use, Livestock Management, and Human Tolerance on Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance of Large African Mammals
Effects of Private-Land Use, Livestock Management, and Human Tolerance on Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance of Large African Mammals

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Effects of Private-Land Use, Livestock Management, and Human Tolerance on Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance of Large African Mammals
Effects of Private-Land Use, Livestock Management, and Human Tolerance on Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance of Large African Mammals
Journal Article

Effects of Private-Land Use, Livestock Management, and Human Tolerance on Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance of Large African Mammals

2012
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Overview
Successful conservation of large terrestrial mammals (wildlife) on private lands requires that landowners be empowered to manage wildlife so that benefits outweigh the costs. Laikipia County, Kenya, is predominantly unfenced, and the land uses in the area allow wide-ranging wildlife to move freely between different management systems on private land. We used camera traps to sample large mammals associated with 4 different management systems (rhinoceros sanctuaries, no livestock; conservancies, intermediate stocking level; fenced ranches, high stocking level; and group ranches, high stocking level, no fencing, pastoralist clan ownership) to examine whether management and stocking levels affect wildlife. We deployed cameras at 522 locations across 8 properties from January 2008 through October 2010 and used the photographs taken during this period to estimate richness, occupancy, and relative abundance of species. Species richness was highest in conservancies and sanctuaries and lowest on fenced and group ranches. Occupancy estimates were, on average, 2 and 5 times higher in sanctuaries and conservancies as on fenced and group ranches, respectively. Nineteen species on fenced ranches and 25 species on group ranches were considered uncommon (occupancy < 0.1). The relative abundance of most species was highest or second highest in sanctuaries and conservancies. Lack of rights to manage and utilize wildlife and uncertain land tenure dampen many owners' incentives to tolerate wildlife. We suggest national conservation strategies consider landscape-level approaches to land-use planning that aim to increase conserved areas by providing landowners with incentives to tolerate wildlife. Possible incentives include improving access to ecotourism benefits, forging agreements to maintain wildlife habitat and corridors, resolving land-ownership conflicts, restoring degraded rangelands, expanding opportunities for grazing leases, and allowing direct benefits to landowners through wildlife harvesting. La conservación exitosa de mamíferos terrestres mayores (vida silvestre) en tierras privadas requiere que los propietarios estén empoderados para manejar la vida silvestre para que los beneficios sean mayores que los costos. El Condado Laikipia, Kenia, predominantemente carece de cercos, y los usos de suelo en el área permiten que la vida silvestre se mueva libremente entre los diferentes sistemas de manejo de tierras privadas. Utilizamos cámaras trampa para muestrear mamíferos mayores asociados con 4 diferentes sistemas de manejo (santuarios de rinocerontes, sin ganado; zonas de conservación, nivel intermedio de ganado; ranchos cercados, nivel alto de ganado; y ranchos grupales, nivel alto de ganado, sin cercos, régimen de propiedad clan pastoril) para examinar si los niveles de manejo y de ganado afectan a la vida silvestre. Colocamos cámaras en 522 localidades en 8 propiedades de enero 2008 a octubre 2010 y utilizamos las fotografías obtenidas durante ese período para estimar la riqueza, la ocupación y la abundancia relativa de especies. La riqueza de especies fue mayor en las zonas de conservación y los santuarios y menor en los ranchos cercados y grupales. Las estimaciones de ocupación fueron, en promedio, 2 y 5 veces mayor en los santuarios y las zonas de conservación que en ranchos cercados y grupales, respectivamente. Diecinueve especies en ranchos cercados y 25 especies en ranchos grupales fueron consideradas poco comunes (ocupación < 0.1). La abundancia relativa de la mayoría de las especies fue mayor o la segunda en importancia en santuarios y zonas de protección. La carencia de derechos para manejar y utilizar la vida silvestre y la incertidumbre en la tenencia de la tierra reducen los incentivos de muchos propietarios para tolerar la vida silvestre. Sugerimos que las estrategias nacionales de conservación consideren métodos a nivel de paisaje en la planificación del uso de suelo que incrementen las zonas protegidas proporcionando incentivos a los propietarios para que toleren la vida silvestre. Posibles incentivos incluyen la mejoría del acceso a los beneficios del ecoturismo, celebración de acuerdos para mantener hábitat y corredores para vida silvestre, resolución de conflictos de tenencia de la tierra, restauración de praderas, expansión de oportunidades para arrendamientos de pastoreo y permitir beneficios directos para los propietarios mediante la cosecha de vida silvestre.