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Forming functional fat: a growing understanding of adipocyte differentiation
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Journal Article
Forming functional fat: a growing understanding of adipocyte differentiation
2011
Overview
Key Points
Adipogenesis is a highly regulated process that converts fibroblast-like precursor cells into round and lipid-laden adipocytes.
White and brown adipocyte differentiation share many key important features, such as a requirement for the master adipogenic regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), but they also have important differences.
The identification of committed precursor cells within adipose tissue has been important for understanding adipogenesis
in vivo
.
Adipogenic stimuli activate signalling pathways that coordinate transcription factors to promote stem cell commitment to an adipogenic fate.
Extensive epigenomic modifications underlie the commitment and stability of differentiation into adipocytes.
The differentiation of adipocytes from mesenchymal stem cells, known as adipogenesis, occurs in two stages, commitment and terminal differentiation, both of which are tightly regulated by mechanical and molecular cues. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms may identify therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases.
Adipose tissue, which is primarily composed of adipocytes, is crucial for maintaining energy and metabolic homeostasis. Adipogenesis is thought to occur in two stages: commitment of mesenchymal stem cells to a preadipocyte fate and terminal differentiation. Cell shape and extracellular matrix remodelling have recently been found to regulate preadipocyte commitment and competency by modulating WNT and RHO-family GTPase signalling cascades. Adipogenic stimuli induce terminal differentiation in committed preadipocytes through the epigenomic activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). The coordination of PPARγ with CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factors maintains adipocyte gene expression. Improving our understanding of these mechanisms may allow us to identify therapeutic targets against metabolic diseases that are rapidly becoming epidemic globally.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 86
/ Adults
/ Animals
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Body fat
/ CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins - physiology
/ Cell Differentiation - genetics
/ Cell Differentiation - physiology
/ Diabetes
/ Extracellular Matrix - physiology
/ Glucose
/ Humans
/ Insulin
/ Lipids
/ Mesenchymal Stem Cells - cytology
/ Mesenchymal Stem Cells - physiology
/ Obesity
/ rho GTP-Binding Proteins - physiology
